Neuroscience Tutorial S1 (20-Mar-2017) (final)

• Section 1 – A Contextual Approach [Brief Introduction to
Main Concepts]
2

Neuroscience
“The Scientific Study of
the Nervous System”
by H Muzart / Scientifically Org
(figure adaptation)
3

Neuroscience
All our perceptions, sensations and
actions are products of physico-
chemical, biophysical,
physiological, and computational
processes inside the brain.
These processes underpin the way
we sense, feel, think, emote, and
behave…
(figure adaptations)
4

Neuroscience (Interdisciplinary & Applied)
• Section 1 – A Contextual Approach [Brief Introduction to Main Concepts]
• Section 2 – The Chemistry & Physics of Neural Molecules, Cells, and Neural
Networks [Brief Introduction to Main Concepts]
• Section 3 – Clinical Neuroanatomy & Neurophysiology (from
Sensory/Vision to Motor Functions) [Brief Introduction to Main Concepts]
• Section 4 – Histology [Brief Introduction to Main Concepts]
• Section 5 – Cognitive & Behavioural
Neurobiology, Economics & Society
[Brief Introduction to Main Concepts]
• Section 6 – Computational & Systems
Neuro-Engineering [Brief Introduction
to Main Concepts] (incl. Computational
Modelling in Neuroscience)
• Section 7 – TBC.
5
5

6

• Section 2 – The Chemistry & Physics of Neural Molecules, Cells, and
Neural Networks [Brief Introduction to Main Concepts]
7

8

9

to Main Concepts] (incl.
Computational Modelling in
Neuroscience)
10

Neuroscience
(figure adaptation)
11

Physics
Juridical Science
& Neuro-Law
Bio-Ethics
Political
Systems
Engineering
Sciences
Computer
Science
Molecular &
Cellular Biology Biochemistry
Philosophy
of
Neuroscience
Cognitive
Neuro-
psychology
Sociology
Neuro-Economics,
Behavioural
Econometrics
Logic
Clinical Neuro-
psychiatry
Computational
Neuroscience
A.I.
Mathematics
Paleo-
Anthropology
RoboticsMedicine
Neuroscience
of Philosophy
Astrophysics/chemistry,
exobiology
Particle & radiation
physics, Neuroscience
Techniques
Formal Sciences
Physical SciencesBiological Sciences
Social Sciences, Humanities, Arts
Social Values and Culture
Genetic
EngineeringNeurosurgery
Pharmacology
Anatomy
Physiology
Evolution
StatisticsComplex Phys. Systems
Systems Biosciences
Zoology
Epidemiology
Neuroscience
13

Physics
Juridical Science
& Neuro-Law
Bio-Ethics
Political
Systems
Engineering
Sciences
Computer
Science
Molecular &
Philosophy
of
Neuroscience
Cognitive
Neuro-
psychology
Sociology
Neuro-Economics,
Behavioural
Econometrics
Logic
Clinical Neuro-
psychiatry
Computational
Neuroscience
A.I.
Mathematics
Paleo-
Anthropology
RoboticsMedicine
Neuroscience
of Philosophy
exobiology
Techniques
Formal Sciences
Genetic
Pharmacology
Anatomy
Physiology
Evolution
Systems Biosciences
Zoology
Epidemiology
Neuroscience
14

Physics
Juridical Science
& Neuro-Law
Bio-Ethics
Political
Systems
Engineering
Sciences
Computer
Science
Molecular &
Philosophy
of
Neuroscience
Cognitive
Neuro-
psychology
Sociology
Neuro-Economics,
Behavioural
Econometrics
Logic
Clinical Neuro-
psychiatry
Computational
Neuroscience
A.I.
Mathematics
Paleo-
Anthropology
RoboticsMedicine
Neuroscience
of Philosophy
exobiology
Techniques
Formal Sciences
Genetic
Pharmacology
Anatomy
Physiology
Evolution
Systems Biosciences
Zoology
Epidemiology
Neuroscience
15

Physics
Juridical Science
& Neuro-Law
Bio-Ethics
Political
Systems
Engineering
Sciences
Computer
Science
Molecular &
Philosophy
of
Neuroscience
Cognitive
Neuro-
psychology
Sociology
Neuro-Economics,
Behavioural
Econometrics
Logic
Clinical Neuro-
psychiatry
Computational
Neuroscience
A.I.
Mathematics
Paleo-
Anthropology
RoboticsMedicine
Neuroscience
of Philosophy
exobiology
Techniques
Formal Sciences
Genetic
Pharmacology
Anatomy
Physiology
Evolution
Systems Biosciences
Zoology
Epidemiology
Neuroscience
16

Neuroscience
(figure adaptation)
17

X
Physics
Interdisciplinary & Applied Neuroscience
… in the 20th/21st Century
Chemistry
Biology
Psychology
Mathematics
Philosophy
Computer
Science
Sociology
Economics
Politics 18

2 quick points:
• Audience for this tutorial
• Further important notes
X19

Anyone who doesn’t know much about modern-day
neuroscience.
Students in:
• Secondary school (end of GCSEs; starting A-Level / Int. Bacc. / Highers /
Advanced Extended Projects, etc) (UK & Globally)
• (junior/senior) High school (SATs, AP, etc) (USA & Globally)
• Or equivalent
• 16-18 years approx., on average
This tutorial series is for: “Brief Introduction to
Main Concepts”
X
Any other adult who has not yet had a
chance to study neuroscience, but is
interested.
First year university students interested in
specialised neuroscience for their second
year.
20

neuroscience.
Students in:
• Or equivalent
Main Concepts”
X
interested.
year.
21

neuroscience.
Students in:
• Or equivalent
Main Concepts”
X
interested.
year.
22

neuroscience.
Students in:
• Or equivalent
Main Concepts”
X
interested.
year.
23

neuroscience.
Students in:
• Or equivalent
Main Concepts”
X
interested.
year.
24

neuroscience.
Students in:
• Or equivalent
Main Concepts”
X
interested.
year.
25

Neuroscience)
26

(Please watch through the video…… If you like, share, comment, subscribe…
 it’s the best way for me to know to make more videos…)
Contribute to the comment section!!!
Any Questions ?
or errors/omissions to point out;
or other types of edit(s);
or feedback: suggestions for improvement, sub-topics to explain in more
depth in future videos;
or other types of comments…
Important Notes:
X
Also check out the description for more
information:
• A copy of this PowerPoint to download.
• About me, my background, social media
contacts, etc.
• Any errors or major omissions …
• Full references, for figures/graphics, etc …
• Disclaimers 27

Any Questions ?
Important Notes:
X
information:
contacts, etc.
• Disclaimers 28

Any Questions ?
Important Notes:
X
information:
contacts, etc.
• Disclaimers 29

Any Questions ?
Important Notes:
X
information:
contacts, etc.
• Disclaimers 30

Any Questions ?
Important Notes:
X
information:
contacts, etc.
• Disclaimers 31

Any Questions ?
Important Notes:
X
information:
contacts, etc.
• Disclaimers 32

Any Questions ?
Important Notes:
X
information:
contacts, etc.
• Disclaimers 33

Any Questions ?
Important Notes:
X
information:
contacts, etc.
• Disclaimers 34

Any Questions ?
Important Notes:
X
information:
contacts, etc.
• Disclaimers 35

Physics
Juridical Science
& Neuro-Law
Bio-Ethics
Political
Systems
Engineering
Sciences
Computer
Science
Molecular &
Philosophy
of
Neuroscience
Cognitive
Neuro-
psychology
Sociology
Neuro-Economics,
Behavioural
Econometrics
Logic
Clinical Neuro-
psychiatry
Computational
Neuroscience
A.I.
Mathematics
Paleo-
Anthropology
RoboticsMedicine
Neuroscience
of Philosophy
exobiology
Techniques
Formal Sciences
Genetic
Pharmacology
Anatomy
Physiology
Evolution
Systems Biosciences
Zoology
Epidemiology
Neuroscience
36

Physics
Juridical Science
& Neuro-Law
Bio-Ethics
Political
Systems
Engineering
Sciences
Computer
Science
Molecular &
Philosophy
of
Neuroscience
Cognitive
Neuro-
psychology
Sociology
Neuro-Economics,
Behavioural
Econometrics
Logic
Clinical Neuro-
psychiatry
Computational
Neuroscience
A.I.
Mathematics
Paleo-
Anthropology
RoboticsMedicine
Neuroscience
of Philosophy
exobiology
Techniques
Formal Sciences
Genetic
Pharmacology
Anatomy
Physiology
Evolution
Systems Biosciences
Zoology
Epidemiology
Neuroscience
37

38

Neuroscience
(figure adaptation)
39

Unlike prokaryotes or multicellular plants,
all (almost) animals have a nervous system…
(animus – animate/moving)
[esp. vertebrates (animals with a spine/backbone)]
Humans (homo s. sapiens)
Other model organisms:
• …
(figure adaptation)
by H Muzart / Scientifically Org (figure adaptation)
40

Unlike prokaryotes or multicellular plants,
all (almost) animals have a nervous system…
(animus – animate/moving)
[esp. vertebrates (animals with a spine/backbone)]
• …
(figure adaptation)
by H Muzart / Scientifically Org (figure adaptation)
41

• Other mammals (mammalia – ‘ breast / mammary glands ’):
➢ Other apes (eg. chimpanzees, macaques)
➢ Rodents (rats/mice)
➢ Dogs
➢ Cats
• Birds
• Reptiles
• Insects (drosophila m. fruit-fly)
(figure adaptation) 42

• Other mammals (mammalia – ‘ breast / mammary glands ’):
➢ Dogs
➢ Cats
• Birds
• Reptiles

• Other mammals (mammalia):
➢ Dogs
➢ Cats
• Birds
• Reptiles

The body’s organ systems:
• Skeletal (Bones)
• Muscular (Muscles)
• Circulatory / Cardiovascular (Heart,
Blood Vessels) (eg. blood supply to
NS; control of the heartbeat via NS)
• Endocrine (Hormone Glands)
• Lymphatic
• (Immune)
• Respiratory (Lung; exchange of
gases)
• Digestive / Gastro-Intestinal
• Urinary
• Reproductive
• Integumentary (Skin, etc)
• Nervous
45

The body’s organ systems:
• Skeletal (Bones)
• Muscular (Muscles)
• Circulatory / Cardiovascular (Heart,
Blood Vessels) (eg. blood supply to
NS; control of the heartbeat via NS)
• Endocrine (Hormone Glands)
• Lymphatic
• (Immune)
• Respiratory (Lung; exchange of
gases)
• Digestive / Gastro-Intestinal
• Urinary
• Reproductive
• Integumentary (Skin, etc)
• Nervous
46

2000 BC – 1600 AD: ‘The body responds to the environment’. ‘The mind perceives’.
Galen’s ‘humors’. Scientific enquiries.
1600s/1700s: The Age of Enlightenment and Scientific Endeavours. Democratic
sharing of ideas. Secularisation. Newton. Descartes.
HistoricalTimeline
48

1800s:
Industrial Revolution and Economic Growth. C Darwin.
Cases in Neurology – lesions to certain brain areas  compartmentalisation /
specialisation of brain functions.
HistoricalTimeline
49

1800s:
Early 1900s:
Sensory Systems. Motor Systems. Studying Cognition via Behaviour. Cellular level.
The Neuron.
HistoricalTimeline
50

1800s:
Early 1900s:
The Neuron.
(Also discoveries in quantum physics,
nuclear physics, and cosmology)
(WW1, Spanish Flu, WW2)
(Vehicles, Telecommunications, Globalisation)
HistoricalTimeline
51

1800s:
Early 1900s:
The Neuron.
(Also discoveries in quantum physics,
nuclear physics, and cosmology)
(WW1, Spanish Flu, WW2)
(Vehicles, Telecommunications, Globalisation)
1940s/1950s:
Neural electrochemical changes.
Neural electrophysiology. Structure of DNA.
(Population changes; Cold War)
HistoricalTimeline
52

1960s/1970s/1980s:
(Biomolecular revolution.)
(Technological revolution.)
HistoricalTimeline
54

1960s/1970s/1980s:
Transistors are smaller, and processors faster and cheaper.
Microelectrodes for more accurate recordings.
HistoricalTimeline
55

1960s/1970s/1980s:
Transistors are smaller, and processors faster and cheaper.
Microelectrodes for more accurate recordings.
Neuro-physiology.
Computer processers can analyse more data.
Theory for A.G.I. and humanoid robots.
1990s:
Better resolution imaging technology to
investigate cognitive processes, and in
real-time (fMRI).
(Advanced Internet)
(Human Genome Project)
(International Space Station work)
HistoricalTimeline
56

2000s:
Medical applications:
o Neurons can be regenerated to restore sensory and motor functions in rodents.
o Bionanotechnology.
o In human amputees, electrical wires to mechanical limbs can be connected to
healthy neurons, and controlled by ‘thinking’!
o Computational & Cognitive Neuroscience, enabled thanks to super-fast
computers (comparatively)
What was science-fiction 50 years ago, is now a reality.
(Large Hadron Collider.)
Human Proteome Project. Interactome Project.
Human Brain Project (EU vs US).
Connectome Project.
(see references at the end…)
Digital revolution allows more international
and interdisciplinary collaborations.
2010 – 2017 : as above, but better…
2017 + : …
HistoricalTimeline
57

58

Correlations and Causation
Statistical Analyses
The Scientific Method
Axioms
Inference
Logic
Evidence
Experiments (hypothesis testing, control
variables, data collection, analysis and
conclusion)
Model Organisms
Methods and Techniques – How
do we know what we know?
Double Blind Controlled Trials,
Placebo,
Double Dissociations
59

Lesions
Pharmacological inactivation
Histology
Structural Imaging:
CAT / PET (tomography), MRI
(magnetic resonance);
Functional Imaging: fMRI;
Optical Imaging.
EEG (electroencephalogram), EMG;
TMS (transcranial magnetic
stimulation); etc.
Computational Modelling
Methods and
Techniques – How
do we know what
we know?
Invasive Micro-Electrodes
(to stimulate or to record)
Biochemical Techniques…
Clinical / Disease models
60

Input  Process  Output
Input(s): Sensory
(internal/external) information 
Processes (eg. non-conscious,
regulatory, sensorimotor,
subjective cognition, …) 
Output(s): Behaviour (sequences
of movements / muscle
contractions, gland secretion;
voluntary or involuntary).
X
the external environment and internal events
61

Macro-
molecular /
sub-cellular
Cellular -
neurons and
glia
Networks of cells
Tissues & sub-
structures
Organs Organ systems /
Organism
Populations of
organisms
Chemical
Levels of structural organisation
62

Evolutionary Developmental Anatomical Physiological
(Evo-Devo)
Structure  Function
Perspectives
63

Evolutionary
Perspectives
hundreds of millions  millions of years  hundreds of thousands
• 14 billion years ago
• 4 billion
• 3.5 billion – abiogenesis
• 900 million years ago – more complex life
• 60 million – extinction of dinosaurs
• 6-8 million – divergence from
chimpanzees
• 1 million
• 250,000 years ago
• 100,000 years – Humans migrate out of
Africa? Frontal cortex highly sexually
selected for?
• 50,000 years
• 15,000 years – (small) agricultural
harvests? 64

>>> EvolutionaryPerspectives
• Why and how did that particular nervous system structure evolve?
• How does it increase one’s statistical chances of survival, and reproduction?
• If it doesn’t increase fitness directly, is it a by-product or mis-firing or vestigial part?
Trade-offs?
Variations in a population  the advantageous traits are more highly selected for and
passed on.
Natural selection – the non-random differential
survival (or gradual increase in frequency), of
a set of specific genes (self-replicating entities),
in a gene pool, over time over successive
generations, shaped by selective pressures.
Commonality and Differences between
Species and Individuals.
Also see: sexual selection, kin selection, artificial
selection, Baldwinian Evolution.
“Nothing in biology makes sense if not in the
context of evolution”
65

DevelopmentalPerspectives
Genome: set of genes acting as …
… a blueprint for the organism’s
phenotype. Not really.
… a generative program for
development. Yes.Growth, division, differentiation (differential
gene expression).
Many stages. Huge diversity of cell types (100s).
Omnipotent  pluripotent
stem cell
Neuron
Guided growth of axonal
cones/bulbs and dendritic
branches/spines.
Multipotent
GlialRed
Blood
Cell
Epithelial
66

Developmental
Fertilised egg,
Morula, etc
Embryo
Foetus
(8weeks – 9months
approx.)
Post-Natal, critical
periods
Childhood /
Adolescence
Adulthood
Post-fertile post-
reproductive elderly
Death
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
• Gastrulation,
Neurulation, etc.
• Spinal neural tube;
telencephalon,
mesencephalon, etc
67

Evolutionary Developmental Anatomical Physiological
(Evo-Devo)
Structure  Function
Perspectives
68

Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous
system
Motor
Somatic
Visceral (soma - ‘body’)
Brain & Spinal Cord
12 Pairs of Cranial
Nerve, 31 Pairs of
Spinal Nerves, Ganglia
Effectors
Nerves & Receptors
SympatheticPara-
Sympathetic
Enteric
Sensory
Autonomic
Main Divisions
Sensory
Motor
Skeletal
(striated
muscles)
Smooth
muscles, cardiac
muscles, glands
Afferent
Efferent
by H Muzart / Scientifically
(figure adaptation)
X69

70

Layers to remove:
• Skull (bone)
• Dura, arachnoid, pia mater
Brain =
• Connective tissue
• Fat
• Blood vessels
• Etc
• Glial cells
• Neurons
Average human adult brain =
• 3 lbs / 1.4 kg
• 2% of body weight
• approx. 20-25% of total energy use (?)
• 80 – 100 billion neurons
• Each neuron makes
100 – 10,000+ connections each (?)
• Approximately 100 trillion synaptic
interconnections in total X
(figure adaptation)
71

73

Layers to remove:
• Skull (bone)
• Dura, arachnoid, pia mater
Brain =
• Connective tissue
• Fat
• Blood vessels
• Etc
• Glial cells
• Neurons
Average human adult brain =
• 3 lbs / 1.4 kg
• 2% of body weight
• approx. 20-25% of total energy use (?)
• 80 – 100 billion neurons
• Each neuron makes
100 – 10,000+ connections each (?)
• Approximately 100 trillion synaptic
interconnections in total X
(figure adaptation)
74

by H Muzart / Scientifically (figure adaptation)
Side View of the Right Side of the Brain
X
Cerebrum / Cerebral Cortex
• Left and Right Hemispheres
• Highly Folded
• Grey Matter, White Matter
Processing, Thinking;
Learning & Memories (depends on the type of
information being processed in a particular
area)
(sub-cortical areas also involved in
learning/memory processes)
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
(figure adaptation)
75

X
Frontal Lobe
• Higher-order thinking
• Planning
• Decision-making
• Executive Functions
• Top-down processing
• Problem Solving
Parietal Lobe
• Peripersonal spatial
information
• Tactile sensations
• Pain integration
• Language
comprehension
Temporal Lobe
• Auditory processing
Occipital Lobe
• Visual perception
• Communicates
with other lobes
Wernicke’s Area Broca’s Area
(usually in left hemisphere)
76

X
Cerebellum
• Posture and
balance
• Motor learning (?)
in writing, walking,
etc
Brainstem (Midbrain, Pons,
Medulla Oblongata)
• Rhythmicity
• Breathing
• Heartbeat
• Coordinates sneezing,
coughing reflexes…
• Motor movements
• Automatic functions
(figureadaptation)
77

Side View (Mid-Sagittal Section)
Xby H Muzart / Scientifically (figure adaptation)
Diencephalon
Thalamus (anterior, medial,
lateral nuclei)
Sensory relay to the cortex
Motor relay from cortex
Corpus Callosum
Cortico-thalamic tracts!!
Cortico-thalamic-spinal tracts!!
Hypothalamus
Autonomic functions
Behavioural patterns
Temperature, Thirst, Hunger
Hormone regulation
Works with Pituitary gland
(figure adaptation)
78

X
Limbic System
Parahippocampal formation
Hippocampus proper
(short term memory processing, episodic
memory, visuospatial information & learning,
spatial navigation, imagination of future
scenes(?), etc.)
Amygdalae / Amygdaloid complexes
(emotional responses, emotional learning,
negative valence, avoidance, positive
valence)
Other Limbic Structures: (in arousal,
motivation, learning)
• Cingulate gyrus
• Dentate gyrus
• Septal nuclei
• Mammillary bodies
• Fornix
(figure adaptation)
79

Somatosensory Area / Postcentral Gyrus
Association Areas
Prefrontal Cortex
Orbitofrontal Cortex
(figure adaptation)
80

Primary Somatomotor Area
Prefrontal Cortex
• Volition
• Motor commands
• Prefrontal planning
• Initiation, execution
Premotor area
(figure adaptation)
81

Frontal View of the Brain
(Coronal Section)
Sub-Cortical Nuclei / Bodies; in
the Basal Ganglia / Corpus
Striatum
• Controlling and stopping
movements
Hippocampus
Ventricles
Longitudinal fissure

83

Neuroscience)
84

Interdisciplinary and Applied Neuroscience, and the Future of
Neuroscience:
There have been a lot of research breakthroughs over the recent years, which have practical real-
life applications for everything in everyone’s everyday lives … especially in the 21st century! Here
are some Exciting Developments and Innovations relevant to the following:
--- Increase efficiency/productivity in all scientific fields of study
--- Bionanotechnology and Bio/Neuro-Engineering
--- Neurology, and all other Medical / Clinical fields (physical/physiological)
--- Mental Health
--- Education / Academia
--- Technology
--- Robotics
--- General-Purpose Artificial Intelligence
--- AI  Security, Cybersecurity
--- AI  Healthcare
--- AI  Marketing, Economics, Finance
--- Policies, and the global scene
--- Entertainment, Gaming, Design
--- Lifestyle and Personal Experience,
(Affective & Socio-Behavioural Neuroscience)
85

References
Book(s):
Latest Editions of:
Tortora G & Derrickson B. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology.
Purves D, et al. Neuroscience.
Kandel E, et al. Principles of Neural Science.
Haines, D. Neuroanatomy: An Atlas of Structures, Sections, and Systems.
‘Dictionary of Neuroscience’
‘Visual Atlas of Neuroscience’
‘Evolutionary Neuroscience’
‘Developmental Neuroscience’
‘Neurology’
‘Mathematics for Bioscience Students’
86

D Purves Book:
Neuroscience 5e: Chapter 1 Animations - Sinauer
Associates
sites.sinauer.com/neuroscience5e/animations01.html
87

Academic Journal Publications (Seminal Research Papers including
Experimental Reports and Reviews)
The challenge of an interdisciplinary curriculum: A cultural analysis of a doctoral-degree
program in neuroscience. K Holley - Higher Education, 2009 - Springer
Longitudinal interdisciplinary neuroscience curriculum. P Gopalan, PN Azzam, MJ Travis, A
Schlesinger… - Academic Psychiatry, 2014 – Springer.
The Human Brain Project: neuroinformatics tools for integrating, searching and modeling
multidisciplinary neuroscience data. GM Shepherd, JS Mirsky, MD Healy, MS Singer… -
Trends in Neuroscience, 1998 - Elsevier
Understanding information use in a multidisciplinary field: a local citation analysis of
neuroscience research. MA Burright, TB Hahn, MJ Antonisse - College & Research Libraries,
2005 - crl.acrl.org
Integrative neuroscience. E Gordon –
Neuropsychopharmacology, 2003 –
search.proquest.com
E-neuroscience: challenges and triumphs in
integrating distributed data from molecules to
brains. ME Martone, A Gupta, MH Ellisman –
Nature neuroscience, 2004 - nature.com
(use G Scholar or PubMed / PLoS / Ovid)
88

Website(s)/webpage(s):
Nature Neuroscience - www.nature.com/neuro
Journal of Neuroscience - www.jneurosci.org/
Trends in Neurosciences – Cell - www.cell.com/trends/neurosciences/home
Neuron – Cell - www.cell.com/neuron/home
www.Neurosciencenews.com
www.BNA.org.uk
Scholarpedia www.scholarpedia.org/article/Neuroscience
Neuroscience | HHMI BioInteractive - Howard Hughes Medical Institute
www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/neuroscience-collection
http://www.humanconnectomeproject.org/
(Wikipedia Neuroscience portal) (be careful
with validity – look at the references!)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Neuroscience
http://www.itsnicethat.com/articles/
fundamentals-of-neuroscience
89

• Cambridge, UK: www.neuroscience.cam.ac.uk/
• Oxford, UK: https://www.neuroscience.ox.ac.uk/
• Imperial: www.imperial.ac.uk/medicine/research/brainsciences
• UCL: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/neuroscience/
• CoMPLEX – UCL: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/complex ; Centre for Mathematics and Physics in
the Life Sciences and EXperimental Biology (CoMPLEX)
• Understanding learning: education and neuroscience - Wellcome Trust;
https://wellcome.ac.uk/what-we.../understanding-learning-education-and-neuroscience
• Four-year PhD Studentships in Science - Wellcome Trust:
https://wellcome.ac.uk/funding/four-year-phd-programmes-studentships-basic-scientists
• KCL: King's College London - Department of Basic & Clinical Neuroscience,
www.kcl.ac.uk/ioppn/depts/bcn/
• Harvard: Department of Neurobiology - Harvard University;
https://neuro.hms.harvard.edu/
• Interdepartmental Neuroscience
Program | Yale School ; medicine.yale.edu/inp/
• MIT: Brain and Cognitive Sciences –
Massachusetts Institute of Technology:
https://bcs.mit.edu/
• Stanford: Neurosciences Institute |
https://neuroscience.stanford.edu/
• UC Berkeley: Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute
U California, neuroscience.berkeley.edu/
90

• Princeton Neurosciences.
• CalTech: Neurobiology: neurobiology.caltech.edu/
• UCSD: Department of Neurosciences at UC San Diego School of Medicine;
https://neurosciences.ucsd.edu/
• Interdisciplinary neuroscience program (INP) – University of Rhode Island: web.uri.edu/inp/
• Neurosciences & Mental health - Medical Research Council Funding -
https://www.mrc.ac.uk/funding/ science-areas/neurosciences-mental-health/
• Tokyo: The University of Tokyo Faculty of
Medicine, Graduate School
neurosci.umin.jp/e/
• ENS Ecole Normale Supérieure | École des
Neurosciences Paris Île www.paris-
neuroscience.fr/en/centre-de-recherche/ens-
ecole-normale-superieure-0
• Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology:
www.neuro.mpg.de/home (Munich)
• Neuroscience Centre Zurich: UZH
www.neuroscience.uzh.ch/
• Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience/
Centre for Neural Science – NTNU
https://www.ntnu.edu/kavli (Norway) 91

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