Chapter2 Power Point Lecture
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This summary provides an overview of the key points from the document: 1) The document discusses the cells of the nervous system, including neurons and glia. It describes the major components of neurons like dendrites, soma, axon, and presynaptic terminals. 2) Details are given about the structure and function of different types of glia cells, including astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells. 3) The mechanism of the nerve impulse is explained, including the resting potential of neurons and how an electrical gradient is maintained across the neuron membrane.
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โข Give examples of body changes associated with activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
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PASIEKA/Science Photo Library/Corbis
wiL81028_02_c02_031-074.indd 31 7/10/13 12:23 PM
CHAPTER 2Section 2.1 The Organization of the Nervous System
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After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
โข Discuss the differences between the central and peripheral nervous systems, the somatic and autonomic
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โข Give examples of body changes associated with activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
โข Identify the major organelles in a neuron.
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โข Explain the differences between unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar neurons and between motor neurons,
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โข Define summation and explain its role in the production of an action potential.
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Introduction to the Nervous System
PASIEKA/Science Photo Library/Corbis
wiL81028_02_c02_031-074.indd 31 7/10/13 12:23 PM
CHAPTER 2Section 2.1 The Organization of the Nervous System
Camille, a psychology major, was a junior in college when she began to experience some troubling
symptoms. Sometimes she had trouble lifting her legs when climbing stairs, and sometimes her hands
and arms stiffened when she was typing on the computer keyboard. Most troubling was the double
vision that Camille experienced when she tried to read for long periods. The words on the pages of her
textbook would swim around when she studied, making it difficult for her to focus on her reading.
During winter break, Camille made an appointment to see her doctor in her hometown. She told her
physician about her symptoms, including the intermittent weakness in her arms and legs and her
double vision. Camilleโs physician ordered a number of tests for her. Before she returned to spring
semester classes, Camille learned that she had developed multiple sclerosis, a disorder in which the
covering on her nerves progressively deteriorates. When the nerves lose their protective covering,
information cannot be transmitted effectively from the brain to muscles. Thus, Camille was slowly
losing control of the muscles in her arms, legs, and head.
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glial cells, that make up the nervous system. We will look at the function of neurons and glial cells,
and we will discuss how information is transmitted within a neuron. Later in the chapter, we will
come back to the topic of multiple sclerosis and examine the cause of this devastating disorder.
First, letโs focus on the organization of the nervous system.
2.1 The Organization of the Nervous System
My son, Tony, came home from school one day and shared with me a tidbit that he had learned in his fourth-grade science class: โSystems are made of organs, organs are made of
tissues, .
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The nervous system is one of the most complex body systems, accounting for about 3% of body weight. It is composed of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The CNS contains billions of neurons and neuroglia that allow for sensory input, integration of information, and motor output responses. Within the CNS, the brain is the largest organ and contains regions like the cerebrum, diencephalon, and cerebellum that are involved in higher functions. The peripheral nervous system connects the CNS to sensory receptors and effector organs through nerves and ganglia.
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1. Axon consists of elongated fibers that extend from the cell body to the terminal endings and aids in transmitting signals. Some axons have a fatty substance called myelin, which acts as an insulator and can transmit signals much faster than other neurons. Axon elongated fibers connect with other cells in the body through the synapses (Stern, Fava, Wilens, & Rosenbaum, 2016)
2.The major components that make up the subcortical structures include the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and the thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary, and brainstem.
The frontal lobe is involved in functions such as planning, attention, problem-solving, judgment, and initiative. The following components play a role in learning, memory, and addiction.
The cerebellum is responsible for motor coordination and learning. The ventral striatum plays a vital role in emotion and learning via connections with the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex.
The two critical neurotransmitters located in the nigra striatal region of the brain that plays a significant role in motor control is Dopamine and GABAergic neurons (Sonne, 2020)
3.Glia cells are non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system and do not produce electrical impulses. Glia cells maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons. Glia cells are divided into two groups, microglia cells and macroglia cells; Macroglia cells can be further divided into astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Microglia cells act as a primary immune defense of the central nervous system, travel and remove damaged substances, pathogens, or other foreign substances. Glia cells also play a role in neurotransmission and synaptic connections and the physiological processes of breathing. Astrocytes are star-shaped glia cells with many functions, including providing nutrient support to the neurons, helping repair damaged nervous system tissue, regulating communication between neurons, and maintaining blood-brain barriers. Oligodendrocytes are responsible for axonal regulation and the generation and maintenance of the myelin sheath that surrounds axons (Hooper & Pocock, 2020)
4. A neuron, referred to as the pre-synaptic cell, releases a neurotransmitter or other neurochemical from special pouches clustered near the cell membrane called synaptic vesicles into space between cells. Those molecules will then be taken up by membrane receptors on the post-synaptic or neighboring, cell hence changing the cell's behavior. Chemicals from the pre-synaptic neuron may excite the post-synaptic cell, for example, telling it to slow down signaling or stop it altogether. Synapses offer the possibility of bi-directional communication; as such, post-synaptic cells can send back their messages to pre-synaptic cells, telling them to change how much or ...
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The document provides an overview of the nervous system. It describes that the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord, which are protected by cerebrospinal fluid and the blood-brain barrier. The PNS has two parts - the somatic nervous system which connects to skeletal muscles, and the autonomic nervous system which connects to internal organs. Neurons are the basic functional units and come in three types - sensory, motor, and interneurons. Neurons communicate via electrochemical signals across synapses using neurotransmitters.
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Introduction to the Nervous System
PASIEKA/Science Photo Library/Corbis
wiL81028_02_c02_031-074.indd 31 7/10/13 12:23 PM
CHAPTER 2Section 2.1 The Organization of the Nervous System
Camille, a psychology major, was a junior in college when she began to experience some troubling
symptoms. Sometimes she had trouble lifting her legs when climbing stairs, and sometimes her hands
and arms stiffened when she was typing on the computer keyboard. Most troubling was the double
vision that Camille experienced when she tried to read for long periods. The words on the pages of her
textbook would swim around when she studied, making it difficult for her to focus on her reading.
During winter break, Camille made an appointment to see her doctor in her hometown. She told her
physician about her symptoms, including the intermittent weakness in her arms and legs and her
double vision. Camilleโs physician ordered a number of tests for her. Before she returned to spring
semester classes, Camille learned that she had developed multiple sclerosis, a disorder in which the
covering on her nerves progressively deteriorates. When the nerves lose their protective covering,
information cannot be transmitted effectively from the brain to muscles. Thus, Camille was slowly
losing control of the muscles in her arms, legs, and head.
In this chapter we will examine the nervous system and the important cells, called neurons and
glial cells, that make up the nervous system. We will look at the function of neurons and glial cells,
and we will discuss how information is transmitted within a neuron. Later in the chapter, we will
come back to the topic of multiple sclerosis and examine the cause of this devastating disorder.
First, letโs focus on the organization of the nervous system.
2.1 The Organization of the Nervous System
My son, Tony, came home from school one day and shared with me a tidbit that he had learned in his fourth-grade science class: โSystems are made of organs, organs are made of
tissues, ...
Images.comCorbisLearning ObjectivesAfter completing t.docx
Images.com/Corbis
Learning Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
โข Discuss the differences between the central and peripheral nervous systems, the somatic and autonomic
nervous systems, and the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
โข Give examples of body changes associated with activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
โข Identify the major organelles in a neuron.
โข Describe how neurons differ from other cells in the body.
โข Explain the differences between unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar neurons and between motor neurons,
sensory neurons, and interneurons.
โข List the functions of astroglia, microglia, radial glia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells.
โข Draw a picture of an action potential and describe the actions of sodium and potassium during an action
potential.
โข Define summation and explain its role in the production of an action potential.
โข Compare excitation and inhibition of neurons.
2
Introduction to the Nervous System
PASIEKA/Science Photo Library/Corbis
wiL81028_02_c02_031-074.indd 31 7/10/13 12:23 PM
CHAPTER 2Section 2.1 The Organization of the Nervous System
Camille, a psychology major, was a junior in college when she began to experience some troubling
symptoms. Sometimes she had trouble lifting her legs when climbing stairs, and sometimes her hands
and arms stiffened when she was typing on the computer keyboard. Most troubling was the double
vision that Camille experienced when she tried to read for long periods. The words on the pages of her
textbook would swim around when she studied, making it difficult for her to focus on her reading.
During winter break, Camille made an appointment to see her doctor in her hometown. She told her
physician about her symptoms, including the intermittent weakness in her arms and legs and her
double vision. Camilleโs physician ordered a number of tests for her. Before she returned to spring
semester classes, Camille learned that she had developed multiple sclerosis, a disorder in which the
covering on her nerves progressively deteriorates. When the nerves lose their protective covering,
information cannot be transmitted effectively from the brain to muscles. Thus, Camille was slowly
losing control of the muscles in her arms, legs, and head.
In this chapter we will examine the nervous system and the important cells, called neurons and
glial cells, that make up the nervous system. We will look at the function of neurons and glial cells,
and we will discuss how information is transmitted within a neuron. Later in the chapter, we will
come back to the topic of multiple sclerosis and examine the cause of this devastating disorder.
First, letโs focus on the organization of the nervous system.
2.1 The Organization of the Nervous System
My son, Tony, came home from school one day and shared with me a tidbit that he had learned in his fourth-grade science class: โSystems are made of organs, organs are made of
tissues, .
nervous system edited .ppt
The nervous system is one of the most complex body systems, accounting for about 3% of body weight. It is composed of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The CNS contains billions of neurons and neuroglia that allow for sensory input, integration of information, and motor output responses. Within the CNS, the brain is the largest organ and contains regions like the cerebrum, diencephalon, and cerebellum that are involved in higher functions. The peripheral nervous system connects the CNS to sensory receptors and effector organs through nerves and ganglia.
Intro
The document provides an overview of the nervous system and its major components, including:
- The nervous system is made up of neurons that carry messages throughout the body. Neurons have dendrites, a cell body, and an axon.
- Neurons communicate via electrical and chemical signals. When stimulated, they release neurotransmitters that can excite or inhibit the next neuron.
- The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls functions like emotion, learning, memory, and movement. Different areas of the cortex control senses, movement, and higher thought.
- The peripheral nervous system includes the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The somatic system interacts with surroundings, while the auton
The nervous system
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The nervous system allows for communication between different parts of the body through neurons, which are specialized cells that transmit signals via electrical and chemical processes. Neurons have dendrites that receive signals and axons that transmit them, forming circuits throughout the body. Along with neurons, glial cells provide support and insulation to the nervous system. The complex nervous system regulates bodily functions and allows organisms to interact with their environments.
G017434861
This document summarizes research on neurons and memory in the human brain. It discusses how neurons are the basic functional units of the brain and how they store and transmit information. Each neuron contains a cell body, dendrites that receive signals, and an axon that transmits signals to other neurons via synapses. There are over 100 billion neurons in the human brain, connected by trillions of synapses that are involved in memory storage. While the exact memory capacity of the human brain is unknown, estimates suggest it is at least in the petabytes, far exceeding any modern computer. Memory in the brain is stored via changes in synaptic connections between widely distributed networks of neurons rather than in any single brain region.
nervous system
The document describes the structure and function of the nervous system. It can be divided into the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Neurons are the basic functional units that connect and transmit information via electrical and chemical signals. Communication between neurons occurs at synapses, where neurotransmitters are released to transmit signals between neurons. Reflex actions are automatic responses that occur quickly through defined neural pathways without conscious thought.
Bilogical basis of psychology
This document discusses the biological basis of psychology. It begins by outlining the basic units and organization of the nervous system, including neurons, nerves, synapses, and the central and peripheral nervous systems. It then describes the hierarchical structure of the brain, including the central core, limbic system, and cerebral cortex. Key areas and functions of the cerebral cortex are also identified. The document goes on to explain neural transmission and the autonomic nervous system. It concludes by briefly discussing the endocrine system and some major glands like the pituitary and adrenal glands.
INTRODUCTION TO NEUROSCIENCE-PART 1.pptx
The human brain contains 100 billion neurons connected by trillions of synapses. Each neuron connects to thousands of other neurons, making the brain incredibly complex. The document provides an overview of neuroscience topics including the basic structure and function of neurons, glial cells, the blood-brain barrier, how neurons communicate through action potentials and synaptic transmission. It describes in detail the anatomy and physiology of neurons, synaptic transmission, and various cell types and structures in the nervous system.
Psychology
This chapter discusses the biological basis of behavior, focusing on the nervous system and endocrine system. It describes how neurons communicate via electrical and chemical signals to coordinate the body's functions. Specific areas of the brain like the limbic system and cerebral cortex each have roles in functions like memory, emotion, language, and movement. Genes and evolution also influence behavior, as seen through studies in behavior genetics and evolutionary psychology.
Neural control and coordination ppt presentation class 11 biology ncert based
1. The document provides information about neural control and coordination from the NCERT biology textbook. It describes the structure and function of the nervous system, including neurons, nerve impulses, and reflex actions.
2. Key parts of the central nervous system like the brain, spinal cord, and various brain regions are defined. The processes of vision and hearing are also summarized.
3. Coordination between different body systems like the neural and endocrine systems is explained. Sensory receptors and effector organs are described in the context of reflex arcs.
Week 11 AS Biological Psychology
The document discusses several questions related to the brain and its functions. It asks about the average number of brain cells, the percentage of energy the brain uses, the brain's weight, the percentage of the brain humans use, and the number of times brain cells and synapses fire signals per second. All of these questions relate to understanding the basic biological functions and capabilities of the human brain.
Biology of mind dr shashikant
The document provides an overview of the biology of the mind and nervous system. It discusses:
- How neurons communicate via electrical signals and neurotransmitters.
- The structure and function of the nervous system, including the central and peripheral divisions.
- Techniques for studying the brain like PET scans, MRI scans, and EEGs.
- Key structures of the brain like the cerebral cortex, limbic system, and right-left hemispheric specialization.
- The endocrine system and how hormones influence bodily functions.
Short Answer Assessment 2XXXXXXNURS 6630 Psychop
Short Answer Assessment 2
XXXXXX
NURS 6630: Psychopharmalogical Approaches to Treat Psychopathology
XXXXXXXXX
Assignment: Short Answer Assessment
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Short Answer Assessment
1. Axon consists of elongated fibers that extend from the cell body to the terminal endings and aids in transmitting signals. Some axons have a fatty substance called myelin, which acts as an insulator and can transmit signals much faster than other neurons. Axon elongated fibers connect with other cells in the body through the synapses (Stern, Fava, Wilens, & Rosenbaum, 2016)
2.The major components that make up the subcortical structures include the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and the thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary, and brainstem.
The frontal lobe is involved in functions such as planning, attention, problem-solving, judgment, and initiative. The following components play a role in learning, memory, and addiction.
The cerebellum is responsible for motor coordination and learning. The ventral striatum plays a vital role in emotion and learning via connections with the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex.
The two critical neurotransmitters located in the nigra striatal region of the brain that plays a significant role in motor control is Dopamine and GABAergic neurons (Sonne, 2020)
3.Glia cells are non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system and do not produce electrical impulses. Glia cells maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons. Glia cells are divided into two groups, microglia cells and macroglia cells; Macroglia cells can be further divided into astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Microglia cells act as a primary immune defense of the central nervous system, travel and remove damaged substances, pathogens, or other foreign substances. Glia cells also play a role in neurotransmission and synaptic connections and the physiological processes of breathing. Astrocytes are star-shaped glia cells with many functions, including providing nutrient support to the neurons, helping repair damaged nervous system tissue, regulating communication between neurons, and maintaining blood-brain barriers. Oligodendrocytes are responsible for axonal regulation and the generation and maintenance of the myelin sheath that surrounds axons (Hooper & Pocock, 2020)
4. A neuron, referred to as the pre-synaptic cell, releases a neurotransmitter or other neurochemical from special pouches clustered near the cell membrane called synaptic vesicles into space between cells. Those molecules will then be taken up by membrane receptors on the post-synaptic or neighboring, cell hence changing the cell's behavior. Chemicals from the pre-synaptic neuron may excite the post-synaptic cell, for example, telling it to slow down signaling or stop it altogether. Synapses offer the possibility of bi-directional communication; as such, post-synaptic cells can send back their messages to pre-synaptic cells, telling them to change how much or ...
Simple information about nervous cell
This document discusses the structure and function of neurons. It begins by introducing neurons as the basic building blocks of the nervous system that transmit electrochemical messages. Neurons have dendrites for receiving connections, a cell body for protein production, and an axon covered by a myelin sheath for signal transmission. Neurons can be classified structurally as unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar and functionally as sensory, motor, or interneurons. The primary function of neurons is communication between neurons and other cells by carrying electrical and chemical signals throughout the body to coordinate functions. Some neuronal disorders like Alzheimer's are currently incurable but research seeks treatments.
About Neuron, Glia cells and Neurotransmitters.pdf
This pdf is about the Neuron, Glia cells & Neurotransmitters.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
Neuron, Glia cells, Neurotransmitter: https://youtu.be/Nk1sYUkHn1g
Thanks...!
Chap2.biologicalbasisofbehavior
This document provides an overview of the biological basis of behavior, including the structure and function of the nervous system. It discusses neurons, neurotransmitters, and how they communicate between each other. It describes the divisions and parts of the brain, including the cerebral cortex and limbic system. Tools for studying the nervous system like EEG, MRI, and PET scans are also summarized. The relationship between genetics, genes, and behavior is briefly covered. The endocrine and autonomic nervous systems are defined and compared.
Neurons , Neurogenesis
Neurons are the basic structural and functional units of the nervous system. They have three main parts - a cell body containing the nucleus, dendrites which receive signals, and an axon which transmits signals. Neurons communicate via electrical and chemical signals across synapses. There are different types of neurons classified by structure and function, including sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons. Neurons are formed through neurogenesis, migrate to their destinations, differentiate, and form neural networks. Diseases can cause neuron death. Key neurotransmitters mediate signaling between neurons.
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Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
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Chapter2 Power Point Lecture
- 2. Required Textbook Los Angeles Trade Tech Dr. Mendoza: Psychology # 2:
- 3. James Kalatโs Biological Psychology, 9e Professor: Dr. Mendoza PSY 2 This is your required course material You will need this material for: - tests and quizzes - homework and reading assignments
- 12. HOW TO SEARCH THE DATABASE There are 3 ways to search: Subject Guide Keyword Search Advanced Search There is also a Limit Search function, which limits the search by date, journal, or keyword.
- 16. Students Please Readโฆ If your textbook doesnโt already come with the helpful study aids weโve discussed, go to your local college bookstore or go on-line to the textbook URL โฆ http:// www.thomsonedu.com/psychology/kalat PSY 2
- 17. Chapter 2 Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses
- 19. Fig. 2-1, p. 30
- 20. Fig. 2-4, p. 32
- 23. Fig. 2-2, p. 31
- 25. Fig. 2-3, p. 32
- 27. Fig. 2-5, p. 32
- 28. Fig. 2-6, p. 33
- 31. Fig. 2-7, p. 33
- 36. Fig. 2-8, p. 34
- 38. Fig. 2-9, p. 34
- 40. Fig. 2-10, p. 35
- 41. Fig. 2-11, p. 36
- 44. Fig. 2-12, p. 37
- 48. Fig. 2-13, p. 40
- 51. Fig. 2-14, p. 40
- 53. Fig. 2-15, p. 41
- 57. Fig. 2-16, p. 43
- 63. Fig. 2-17, p. 45
- 65. Fig. 2-18, p. 46
- 67. Fig. 2-19, p. 46