1. Entner Doudoroff pathway
(ED pathway)
Dr. Aswartha Harinath Reddy
Department of Life Sciences
Srikrishnadevaraya University
Anantapur –A.P. India
2. The ED pathway was first reported by Michael Doudoroff in
Prokaryotic organisms.
The Entner–Doudoroff pathway (ED pathway) catabolizes
glucose to pyruvic acid using enzymes distinct either from
those used in glycolysis.
3. This pathway Uses 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase and
2-keto-3-deoxy phosphogluconate aldolase to create pyruvate
from glucose.
The Entner–Doudoroff pathway also has a net yield of 1 ATP for
every glucose molecule processed, as well as 1 NADH and 1
NADPH.
By comparison, glycolysis has a net yield of 2 ATP and 2 NADH
for every one glucose molecule processed.
4. This pathway is generally found in Pseudomonas,
Rhizobium, Azotobacter and Agrobacterium, and a few
other Gram-negative genera.
Very few Gram-positive bacteria have this pathway, with
Enterococcus faecalis being a rare exception.
All these bacteria lack enzyme essential for glycolysis,
such as phosphofructokinase.
5. The process of glycolysis begins with phosphorylation of Glucose.
Step 1: Phosphorylation:
Glucose is converted in to glucose 6 phosphate by Hexokinase
enzyme. This is an irreversible reaction which requires ATP and
Atomic magnesium (Mg++) is also involved.
6. Oxidative phase:
Step2: Oxidation of Glucose 6 phosphate to 6-phosphogluconolactone:
This phase starts with the oxidation of 6 molecules glucose 6-
phosphate by the enzyme glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase to
yield 6-phosphogluconolactone.
This enzyme is an NADP dependent enzyme, where NADP+
reduced to NADPH + H+.
7. Step 3: Dehydration:
6-phosphogluconate is dehydrated to form 2 keto 3-Doxy-6-
phosphogluconate or KDPG. The key intermediate in this
pathway in the presence of 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase.
8. Step 4: Cleavage of KDPG:
2 keto 3-Doxy-6-phosphogluconate is then cleaved by
aldolase enzyme to pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-
phosphate. The glyceraldehyde 3-phosphateis converted to
pyruvate similar to the reactions of the glycolytic pathway.
9. Step 5: oxidation and Phosphorylation
In this step, two main events take place:
1) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is oxidized by the coenzyme
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+);
2) The molecule is phosphorylated by the addition of a free
phosphate group result in the formation of 1,3-
bisphosphoglycerate. The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
10. Step 6: Substrate level phosphorylation
In this step, 1,3 bisphoglycerate is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate
by the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK).
This reaction involves the loss of a phosphate group, it transferred
to a molecule of ADP that result in the formation of ATPs.
11. Step 7: Isomerization
The 3-phosphoglyceric acid undergoes internal rearrangement to
form 2-phosphoglyceric acid.
The enzyme phosphoglycero mutase relocates the phosphate group
from the 3rd carbon to the 2nd carbon to form phosphoglycerate.
12. Step 8: Dehydration
This step involves the conversion of 2 phosphoglycerate to
phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP).
The reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme enolase.
Enolase works by removing a water group, or dehydrating the
phosphoglycerate.
13. Step 9: Substrate level phosphorylation
The final step of glycolysis converts phosphoenolpyruvate into
pyruvate with the help of the enzyme pyruvate kinase.
The phosphate group attached to the 2′ carbon of the PEP is
transferred to a molecule of ADP, yielding ATP. Again, since there
are one molecules of PEP, here we actually generate ATP
molecules.
14.
15. Has a net yield of 1 ATP for every one glucose molecule
processed, as well as 1 NADH and 1 NADPH.
In comparison, glycolysis has a net yield of 2 ATP
molecules and 2 NADH molecules for every one glucose
molecule metabolised