introduction to prokaryotic cells..Material for neet preparation and presentation

1. CELL: THE UNIT OF L
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2. What is it that an inanimate thing does not have which a
living thing has’ ?
• The answer to this is the presence of the basic unit of life
– the cell in all living organisms.
• All organisms are composed of cells.
• Some are composed of a single cell and are called
unicellular organisms..

3. WHAT IS A CELL?
• Unicellular organisms are capable of ..
• (i) independent existence and
• (ii) performing the essential functions of life.

4. The cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of
all living organisms.
• Anton Von Leeuwenhoek first saw and described a live
cell.
The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665

5. Robert Brown later discovered the nucleus.
• The invention of the microscope and its improvement
leading to the electron microscope revealed all the
structural details of the cell.

6. G.N. RAMACHANDRAN,
• G.N. RAMACHANDRAN, discovered triple helical
structure of collagen..
• He identified conformations of proteins through the use
of the ‘Ramachandran plot’…
• Ramachandran plot the most outstanding contributions
in structural biology.

7. CELL THEORY
• In 1838, Matthias Schleiden, a German botanist,
examined a large number of plants..
• He observed that all plants are composed of different
kinds of cells..

8. Theodore Schwann (1839), a British Zoologist, studied different
types of animal cells…
• He reported that cells had a thin outer layer which is
today known as the ‘plasma membrane’.
• He also concluded, based on his studies on plant tissues,
that the presence of cell wall is a unique character of the
plant cells.

9. Theodore Schwann: proposed the hypothesis that the bodies
of animals and plants are composed of cells and products of
cells

10. Schleiden and Schwann together formulated
the cell theory.
• This theory however, did not explain as to how new cells
were formed.

11. Rudolf Virchow (1855): first explained that cells divided and
new cells are formed from pre-existing cells
(Omnis cellula-e cellula).

12. He modified the hypothesis of Schleiden and Schwann to give
the cell theory a final shape.
• Cell theory as understood today is:
• (i) all living organisms are composed of cells and products
of cells.
• (ii) all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

13. AN OVERVIEW OF CELL::::
• Observe onion peel and/or human cheek cells under the
microscope.
• The onion cell which is a typical plant cell, has a distinct
cell wall…
• The cells of the human cheek have plasma membrane..

14. Inside each cell is a dense membrane bound structure called
nucleus.
• This nucleus contains the chromosomes which in turn
contain the genetic material, DNA.

15. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

16. Cells that have membrane bound nuclei are called eukaryotic
Cells that lack a membrane bound nucleus are prokaryotic.

17. In both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, a semi-fluid matrix
called cytoplasm occupies the volume of the cell.;
• The cytoplasm is the main arena of cellular activities..
• Various chemical reactions occur in it to keep the cell in
the ‘living state’

18. the eukaryotic cells have membrane bound distinct structures
called organelles …..
• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER),
• the golgi complex,
• lysosomes,
• mitochondria,
• microbodies
• vacuoles.
• The prokaryotic cells lack such membrane bound
organelles.

19. Ribosomes
• Ribosomes are non-membrane bound organelles found
in all cells – both eukaryotic as well as prokaryotic.

20. Ribosomes
• Within the cell, ribosomes are found not only in the
CYTOPLASAM..
• but also within other organelles like – chloroplasts (in
plants) and mitochondria and on rough ER.

21. Centriole
• Animal cells contain another non-membrane bound
organelle called centriole..
• which helps in cell division..

22. Cells differ greatly in size, shape and activities
• Mycoplasmas, the smallest cells, are only 0.3 µm in
length.
• The bacteria size 3 to 5 µm.

23. The largest isolated single cell is the egg of an ostrich.
• Among multicellular organisms, human red blood cells
are about 7.0 µm in diameter.
• Nerve cells are some of the longest cells.

24. Or 3 to 5 micro
meters

25. Cells also vary greatly in their shape.
• They may be disc-like,
• polygonal,
• columnar,
• cuboid,
• thread like,
• even irregular.

27. PROKARYOTIC CELLS

28. The prokaryotic cells are represented by
• bacteria,
• blue-green-algae,
• Mycoplasma
• PPLO (Pleuro Pneumonia Like Organisms).
• PPLO - a mycoplasma resistant to antibiotics that causes
a kind of pneumonia in humans.

29. Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller and multiply more
rapidly than the eukaryotic cells…
• They may vary greatly in shape and size.
• The four basic shapes of bacteria are
• bacillus (rod like),
• coccus (spherical),
• vibrio (comma shaped)
• spirillum (spiral).

30. All prokaryotes have a cell wall surrounding the cell
membrane except in mycoplasma.
• The fluid matrix filling the cell is the cytoplasm.
• There is no well-defined nucleus..

31. The genetic material is basically naked, not enveloped by a
nuclear membrane.
• In addition to the genomic DNA (the single
chromosome/circular DNA), many bacteria have small
circular DNA outside the genomic DNA.
• These smaller DNA are called plasmids.

32. Plasmid
• A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal double-stranded
DNA molecules in bacteria..
• The plasmid DNA confers certain unique phenotypic
characters to such bacteria.
• One such character is resistance to antibiotics.

33. Plasmid DNA is used to bacterial transformation with foreign
DNA

34. Organelles are not found in prokaryotic cells except for
ribosomes
• Prokaryotes have something unique in the form of
inclusions ..
• Inclusion bodies :Reserve material in prokaryotic cells
• Mesosomes present prokaryotes.
• They are infoldings of cell membrane.

35. Dr. HarinathaReddy Aswartha
Assistant professor
Department of Microbiology
biohari14@gmail.com