One of my reports in earth science. Feel free to comment any suggestion

1. Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
National Capital Region
Division of Manila
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Ayala Blvd, Ermita, Manila, Metro Manila
Hannah Joy N. Lontayao
MAT-General Science
Reporter
Presented to:
Dr. Mary Sheenalyn P. Rodil
Earth Science Professor

4. MIN E R AL O G Y

5. M I N E R A L O G Y

6. CONTENTS

7. Which is a Mineral?
Pearl
Coal
Wood
GoldCorals

9. VS
MINERAL ROCK

10. Mineral Versus Rocks
MINERAL
A mineral is a naturally occurring
inorganic solid, with a definite
chemical composition, and an
ordered atomic arrangement.
naturally occurring01
02 Inorganic
03
definite chemical composition04
has an ordered atomic arrangement
solid
05

11. Which is a Mineral?
Pearl
Coal
Wood
GoldCorals

12. Minerals
will form a
ROCK
when combined

13. Mineral Versus Rocks
ROCK
A rock is a naturally occurring
solid that is made up of minerals.
naturally occurring01
02 solid
03
made up of minerals

14. Composition and Structure of Minerals
How do minerals form?
It forms by:
INORGANIC CRYSTALIZATION
Process of organizing atoms to form crystalline solids
RECRYSTALIZATION
From solids, liquids and gases associated with various rock-
forming environments
01
02

15. Composition and Structure of Minerals
What two elements, by mass, make up the
greatest percentage of the Earth’s crust?
Answer: Oxygen and Silicon
These two elements combine to form
compounds called SILICATES (SiO4)

16. Composition and Structure of Minerals
Silicon and oxygen combine in a specific structure
called:
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedra

17. Properties of Minerals
Crystal form
Luster
Color
Streak
Hardness
Cleavage
Fracture
Specific Gravity
Others

18. Properties of Minerals
CRYSTAL FORM
refers to the geometric shape of mineral crystals. Crystal form is caused
by the symmetrical, three-dimensional arrangement of atoms inside the
mineral.

19. Properties of Minerals
CRYSTAL FORM
CRYSTAL HABIT
Is the visible external
shape of the sample
of a material
EUHEDRAL
Regular polygons
and has flat surfaces.
NON GEOMETRICAL
CRYSTALS
Do not have a regular
geometric shape

20. Magnetite Halite Garnet Staurolite Quartz
EUHEDRAL

21. NON GEOMETRICAL CRYSTALS

22. Properties of Minerals
LUSTER
The way the surface of
a mineral reflects light.
01
02
METALLIC
NON METALLIC

23. Properties of Minerals
COLOR
The presence and intensity of certain elements will
determines a specific mineral's color. Minerals with an
inherent color have essential elements in them which
cause their color.
Azurite MalachiteAmethyst Realgar Paraealgar

24. Clear quartz
Citrine
Rose quartz
Amethyst
Milky quartz
Smoky quartz

25. Calcite
Fluorite Smithsonite

26. Properties of Minerals
STREAK
Streak is the color of
the mineral in
powdered form.

27. Properties of Minerals
HARDNESS
A measure of the mineral’s resistance to scratching. The
Mohs’ Scale is a set of 10 minerals whose hardness is
known.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Talc Gypsum Calcite Fluorite Apatite Feldspar Quartz
Topaz
Corundum
Diamond

28. Properties of Minerals
CLEAVAGE AND FRACTURE
Is the way how a minerals break
If the mineral breaks with
smooth edges or surfaces
it is said to have
___________________
If the mineral has jaggered
or rough edges or surfaces
by the break it is said to be
___________________
CLEAVAGE FRACTURED

29. Properties of Minerals
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Is the density of mineral
compared to the density of
water

30. Other Properties of Minerals
TENACITY
the characteristic that describes how the particles of a
mineral hold together or resist separation. The chart below
gives the list of terms used to describe tenacity and a
description of each term.
MAGNETISM
is the characteristic that allows a mineral to attract or repel
other magnetic materials. It can be difficult to determine
the differences between the various types of magnetism,
but it is worth knowing that there are distinctions made.

31. TRANSPARENCY OR DIAPHANEITY
Diaphaneity is a mineral’s degree of transparency or ability
to allow light to pass through it. The degree of transparency
may also depend on the thickness of the mineral.
ODOR
Most minerals have no odor unless they are acted upon in
one of the following ways: moistened, heated, breathed
upon, or rubbed.
Other Properties of Minerals

32. TASTE
Only soluble minerals have a taste, but it is very important
that minerals not be placed in the mouth or on the tongue.
Other Properties of Minerals

33. Mineral Groups
The Seven Mineral Groups are:
Native
Elements
Sulfides
Oxides
Carbonates
Phosphates
Halides
Silicates

34. Mineral Groups
SILICATES
Silicates are rock-forming minerals.
Examples: olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite
mica, muscovite mica, plagioclase feldspar, orthoclase
feldspar, and quartz.

35. Mineral Groups
NATIVE ELEMENTS
Are minerals composed of only one element.
Examples: gold, diamond, copper, silver

36. Mineral Groups
SULFIDES
Sulfur ions bind with a number of positive ions to form
the sulfide minerals.
Examples: pyrite, galena and sphalerite
FeS2
PbS
ZnS

37. Mineral Groups
OXIDES
Minerals that contain oxygen and one or more other
elements
Examples: hematite and limonite
Fe2O3 2Fe2O3•3H2O

38. Mineral Groups
CARBONATES
Contain carbonate (CO3), a combination of carbon and
oxygen, combined with other elements.
Examples: calcite and dolomite.
CaCO3 CaMg(CO3)2

39. Mineral Groups
PHOSPHATES
Are composed of positively charged metal ions joined
with phosphate ions.
Examples: turquoise and apatite
CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈ • 4H₂O Ca5(PO4)3(OH,F,Cl)

40. Mineral Groups
HALIDES
Halides include such elements as chlorine and
fluorine.
Examples: halite and fluorite
NaCl CaF2

41. SHORT QUIZ

42. SHORT QUIZ
1. Which is not a reliable property for minerals?
A. Streak B. Color C. Hardness D. Luster
2. Which is NOT a criteria to identify a mineral?
A. Inorganic solid C. Varying atomic arrangement
B. Has definite chemical composition D. Naturally occuring
3. These are the rock-forming minerals
A. Halides B. Carbonates C. Sulfides D. Silicates
4. It is the visible external shape of the sample of a material
A. Crystal habit B. Crystal formationC. Cleavage D. Fracture
5. This mineral is known as “fool’s gold”
A. Pyrite B. Magnetite C. Quartz D. Fluorite

43. SHORT QUIZ
6. Which of the following is a mineral?
A. Salt B. Mercury C. Coal D. Water
7. What causes minerals to have different physical properties?
A. Crystal form C. Internal arrangement of atoms
B. Pressure D. elements present in the minerals
8. What two elements, by mass, make up the greatest percentage of the
Earth’s crust?
A. Sulfur and Oxygen C. Hydrogen and Nitrogen
B. Oxygen and Silicon D. Oxygen and Hydrogen
9. The way a mineral break with smooth edges on its zone of weakness
A. Fracture B. Break C. Cleavage D. Scratch
10. Hardness is notable on how a mineral:
A. breaks B. forms cleavage C. reflects light D. resist scratch

44. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!
Reported by:
Hannah Joy N. Lontayao