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Unconventional reservoirs
- 1. Unconventional RESERVOIRS HAMAS-UL-GHANI ROLL#11 BS 4th Prof (Structure/Petroleum) 2015-19
- 2. What?
- 3. Unconventional Reservoirs • Unconventional reservoirs are the hydrocarbon reservoirs that have low permeability and porosity and so are difficult to produce.
- 5. Unconventional Reservoirs • One or more elements of the classic model of a petroleum system (source, migration, reservoir, trap, seal, and timing) are missing from an unconventional system.
- 7. WHY?
- 8. HOW?
- 9. Unconventional Reservoirs • Unconventional resources cannot be produced with a vertical and/or an unstimulated well.
- 10. • Two major drilling techniques are used: • Horizontal Drilling • Hydraulic Fracturing
- 11. WHEN?
- 12. Unconventional reservoirs are evaluated based on their potential to be a successful hydrocarbon system. The following evaluations are completed to quantitatively determine this: Maturity Bulk Volume Hydrocarbon Clay Content Kerogen Content
- 14. Unconventional Reservoirs • Oil Shale (Tight Oil) • Coal-Bed Methane Gas (CBM) • Tight Gas Sands • Shale Gas
- 16. Major Unconventional Plays • Unconventional reservoirs have been found throughout the world. Below is a list of the top 10 countries by unproved technically recoverable shale oil resources. • 1. U.S. • 2. Russia • 3. China • 4. Argentina • 5. Libya • 6. United Arab Emirates • 7. Chad • 8. Australia • 9. Venezuela • 10. Mexico
- 23. Potential Shale Basins in Pakistan Upper Indus Basin Lower Indus Basin Patala Fm Lower Goru Fm Hangu Fm Sembar Fm Chichali Fm Ghazij Fm Datta Fm Mughal Kot Fm Sardhai Fm
- 24. Exploitation & Development Challenges • Evaluation Uncertainties • High Investment • Longer Production Time • Skilled Manpower • Political Stability • Willingness to Accept Challenges
- 25. Summary • Enough unconventional reservoirs exist in the country • Unconventional reservoirs are required to be evaluated by collection of more data by initiating projects in shale gas as early as possible • Exploration blocks may be awarded for unconventional reservoirs
- 26. Thank You!
Editor's Notes
- For example, shale gas is produced from a source rock, with no need for a reservoir, trap, or seal. Bitumen is a solid, so the presence of a trap or seal today is not required (though it was required to allow the oil to accumulate in the first place). This definition will doubtless seem increasingly dated; even today I'm not sure that the concept of a petroleum system is still a useful one, except in a handful of circumstances.
- . In other words, a horizontal well and/or some sort of intervention to increase hydrocarbon mobility is required. Mobility depends on the permeability of the rock and the viscosity of the hydrocarbon. By this definition, shale gas and bitumen will always be unconventional.
- Horizontal drilling is used to provide It is a technique in which water, greater access to the gas trapped deep chemicals, and sand are pumped into the producing formation. First, a well to unlock the hydrocarbons trapped, vertical well is drilled to the targeted in shale formations by opening cracks rock formation. At the desired depth, (fractures) in the rock and allowing the drill bit is turned to bore a well natural gas to flow from the shale into that stretches through the reservoir the well. When used in conjunction with horizontally, exposing the well to more horizontal drilling, hydraulic fracturing of the producing shale. enables gas producers to extract shale gas at reasonable cost.
- Maturity- Have the kerogens spent enough time in the oil window to turn into hydrocarbons? Bulk Volume Hydrocarbon- Is the bulk volume of hydrocarbons within the source rock enough to make it economical (40-60% max expulsion)? Clay Content- If the clay content is too high, the rock will become ductile, which will make fracking the rock much more difficult. Kerogen Content- The type of kerogen found in a source rock is used to determine what type of [hydrocarbon] your reservoir can contain.