languange testing approaches techniques

1. SEQUENCE
AND
PRINCIPLES OF SEQUENCING

2. • logical arrangement of the content
• Vertical relationship among the elements to provide
continuous and cumulative learning
• contents and experiences are arranged in hierarchal
manner
SEQUENCE

3. 1. Simple to Complex Learning – content & experiences are organized from simple to
complex, concrete to abstract, easy to difficult.
2. Prerequisite Learning- there are fundamental things to be learned ahead.
3. Whole to Part Learning – overview before the specific content or topics. Related to
gestalt principle.
4. Chronological learning – the order of events is made as a basis of sequencing the
content and experiences.
4 Principles of Sequence:
(Smith, Stanley and Shore, 1957)

4. Five Principles of Sequence
(Posner and Rudnitsky, 1994)
1. World-related Sequence
2. Concept-related Sequence
3. Inquiry-related Sequence
4. Learning-related Sequence
5. Utilization-related Sequence

5. -relationship exists among people, objects or events of the world
SUBTYPES:
A. Space – spatial relations will be the basis for the sequence.
B. Time – from the earliest to the most recent.
C. Physical Attributes – the physical characteristics of the
phenomena such as age, shape, size, brightness & others.
1. World-related Sequence

6. • how ideas are related together in logical manner.
SUBTYPES:
A. Class relations – group or set of things that share
common practices.
B. Propositional relations – a statement that asserts
something
2. Concept-related Sequence

7. •based on the process of generating, discovering &
verifying knowledge, content and experiences are
sequenced logically and methodically.
3. Inquiry-related Sequence

8. • How people learn.
SUBTYPES:
A. Empirical Prerequisites – based on empirical studies where the
prerequisite is required before learning the next level
B. Familiarity – prior learning is important in sequence
C. Difficulty – easy content is taken ahead than the difficult one
D. Interest – use interesting contents and experiences to boost their
appetite in learning
4. Learning-related Sequence

9. • deals with procedures and anticipated frequency of use
• sequences learning in relation to three possible contexts
or utilization—social, personal, and career
5. Utilization-related Sequence