A processor (CPU) is the logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basic instructions that drive a computer.

1. Invented by Marcian Hoff (28th October 1937 in New York).

2. • The processor is the logic circuitry that responses and processes the basic
instructions that drive the computer.
• The operations in the processor are, Simple binary computations using electrical
circuits.
• It is the brain of the computer, without which computer is just a dumb machine.
• The speed of a processor is measured in MHz or GHz.
• All the digital devices have processors (ie. Mobile, Smart- watches etc)
• Its basic job is to receive input and provide the appropriate output. While this may
seem like a simple task, modern processors can handle trillions of calculations per
second.

3. .
• The processor is placed
on the motherboard, in the
processor socket.
• On top of the processor
we place the heat sink and
the heat sink fan to
dissipate heat from the
processor.

4.  It Is the control centre of the computer.
 It carries out the computations that allow the computer to
function.
 The circuits in CPU sends commands to other components of
the computer to run programs.
 CPU retrieves information from the computer’s memory and
conducts operations on that information.
 The CPU thus operates like the working memory of a person’s
brain.
 It takes information from long term storage when it is needed
for immediate processing. In this way the CPU operates as a
general purpose information processor which can accommodate
different types of computer from other parts of computer.

5. • The basic functionality of a processor is receive input and
provide appropriate output.
• The operational capability of the processor depends on the
Motherboard and the amount of RAM present on the
motherboard.
• It responds to and processes the basic instructions that
drive a computer.
• OPERATIONS- FETCH,DECODE,EXECUTE.

6. • The processor itself is not made as a single unit but a
series of units that work together to perform various
operations.
• Units of a processor
–I/O unit
–Control unit
–ALU
–Registers

7. • This unit links the microprocessor
to the rest of the circuitry of the
computer.
• It passes program instructions
and data to the registers of the
control unit and arithmetic/logic
unit.

8. • The control unit (CU) is a component of a
computer's central processing unit (CPU) that directs
operation of the processor.
• It tells the computer's memory, arithmetic/logic unit and
input and output devices how to respond to a program's
instructions.

9. • An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital electronic circuit that
performs arithmetic and bitwise logical operations on integer binary
numbers.
• It is a fundamental building block of many types of computing circuits,
including the central processing unit (CPU) of computers, graphics
processing units (GPUs), FPUs (Floating Point Unit)
• A single CPU, FPU or GPU may contain multiple ALUs.

10.  Advanced processors need much more power
supply than the rest, so the performance of it
depends upon the SMPS as well.
 The work rate of the processordepends upon
the clock speed of it.
 The more number of cores a processor has,
the more efficiently it works.

11. SYSTEM CLOCK
Modern PC has multiple
system clocks which
vibrates at a specific
frequency ,it is measured
in MHz.
Instruction is done
according to the clock
Pulses.

12. • Cont.
• Processor Speed depends on:
 Registers – temp memory area
 Memory and computing power – RAM
 The bus – the highway
 The data bus – CPU & devices
 The address bus – CPU & RAM

13. • Processor overheating results in
Processor damage and instability.
• Heat Sink is a passive heat
exchanger that transfers the heat
generated ,thereby it increases the
processor efficiency.
• Greater RAM can make the Processor
run faster.
• Cont.

14. • There are five types of
general purpose
processors -
Microcontroller
Microprocessor
Embedded Processor
DSP
Media Processor.

15. • Represented by the microprocessor in embedded systems.
• The microprocessor is also a general-purpose processor that
consists of a control unit, ALU, a bunch of registers also called
scratchpad registers, control registers and status registers.
• There may be an on-chip memory and some interfaces for
communicating with the external world like interrupt lines, other
lines for the memory and ports for communicating with the
external world. The ports often called the programmable ports that
means, we can program these ports either to be acting as an
input or as an output.

16. CISC-Complex Instruction Set Microprocessors
RISC-Reduced Instruction Set Microprocessor
ASIC- Application Specific Integrated Circuit
Superscalar Processors
DSP’s-Digital Signal Microprocessors.

17. • The microcontroller is basically a computer that comes in
various packages and sizes.
• The reading input and responding to output is the basic
function of the microcontroller.
• Generally, it is known as General Purpose Input Output
(GPIO)
• . Some of the microcontrollers are Microchip
Atmega328-AU, Microchip P1C16F877A-I/P, Microchip
P1C16F1503-I/P, Microchip P1C16F671-I/SN, Microchip
P1C18F45K22-I/P, etc.

19. • An embedded processor is one type of processor
which is designed to control mechanical functions and
electrical functions.
• It consists of several blocks they are the processor,
timer, an interrupt controller, program memory and
data memory, power supply, reset and clock oscillator
circuits, system application-specific circuits, ports and
interfacing circuits.

21. • The digital signal processor is one type of processor used for
measuring, filtering and/or compress digital or analog signals.
• The signal processing means analysis and manipulation of
signal.
• This processing can be done via computer or Application Specific
Integrated Circuits (ASIC), Field Programmable Gate Array
(FPGA) or Digital Signal Processor (DSP) to obtain the clear
signal.
• The DSP processors are used in an oscilloscope, barcode
scanners, mobile phones, printers, etc. These processors are fast
and use for real-time applications.

22. • The image/video processor is the media processor that is
designed or created to deal with the data in real-time.
• The voice user interface and professional audio are the
applications of the audio processor.
• Some of the media processors are TN2302AP IP, IN2602
AP IP, DM3730, DM3725, DM37385, DM388,
TMS320DM6467, TMS320DM6431, etc

23. 5 types of CPU (Processors) are there-.
Single Core Processor
Dual Core Processor
Multi Core Processor
Quad Core Processor
Octa Core Processor

24. • Single Core CPUs were used in the traditional type of computers.
Those CPUs were able to perform one operation at once, so they
were not comfortable to multi tasking system. These CPUs got
degrade the entire performance of computer system while running
multiple programs at same time duration.
• In Single Core CPU, FIFO (First Come First Serve) model is used,
it means that couple of operations goes to CPU for processing
according to priority base, and left operations get wait until first
operation completed.

25. • It contains two processors, and they are linked with each
other like as single IC (Integrated circuit). Every processor
consist its own local cache and controller, so they are able
to perform different difficult operations in quickly than
single core CPU.
• There are some examples which are used as dual core
processors such as Intel Core Duo, the AMD X2, and the
dual-core PowerPC G5.

26. • It is designed with using of various processing units
means “Cores” on one chip, and every core of processor
is able to perform their all tasks.
• For example, if you are doing multiple activities at a same
time like as using WhatsApp and playing games then one
core handles WhatsApp activities and other core manage
to another works such as game.

27. • It is high power CPU, in which four different processors
cores are combined into one processor.
• Every processor is capable to execute and process all
instructions own level without taking support to other left
processor cores.
• Quad core processors are able to execute massive
instructions at a time without getting waiting pools.
• Quad core CPU help to enhance the processing power of
computer system, but it performance depend on their
using computing components.

28. Octa Core Processor
• Octa core processor is designed with using of
multiprocessor architecture, and its design produces the
higher processing speed.
• Octa core processor has best ability to perform multi
tasking and to boost up efficiency of your CPU.
• These types of processors are mostly used in your smart
phones.

29. • We have two computer families-
a. The Intel x86
b. The ARM architecture.

30. • Used to describe a CPU instruction set compatible with the Intel 8086 and its
successors, including the Pentium and others made by Intel and other
companies.
• The x86 incorporates the sophisticated design principles once found only on
mainframes and supercomputers and serves as an excellent example of
CISC (complex instruction set computer) design.
• This is the CPU architecture used in most desktop and laptop computers.
• Many 21st century workstations and servers also use x86 processors.
• In 1985, the original 16 bit x86 architecture was extended to 32 bits with the
introduction of the i386 processor.
• It was extended again to 64 bits in 2003 with the introduction of the AMD
Opteron processor.

31. • It stands for Advance Risk Machine; it is one of the extensive and
most licensed processor cores in the world.
• The first ARM processor was developed in the year 1978 by
Cambridge University, and the first ARM RISC processor was
produced by the Acorn Group of Computers in the year 1985.
• These processors are specifically used in portable devices like
digital cameras, mobile phones, home networking modules and
wireless communication technologies and other embedded
systems due to the benefits, such as low power consumption,
reasonable performance, etc.

32. Evolution
• 8080: The world’s first general-purpose microprocessor.
This was an 8-bit machine, with an 8-bit data path to memory.
The 8080 was used in the first personal computer, the Altair.
• 8086: A far more powerful, 16-bit machine. In addition to a
wider data path and largeregisters, the 8086 sported an
instruction cache, or queue, that prefetches a few instructions
beforethey are executed. A variant of this processor, the
8088, was used in IBM’s first personal computer,securing the
success of Intel. The 8086 is the first appearance of the x86
architecture.

33. • 80286: This extension of the 8086 enabled addressing a 16-
MByte memory instead of just 1MByte.
• 80386: Intel’s first 32-bit machine, and a major overhaul of
the product. With a 32-bit architecture, the 80386 rivaled the
complexity and power of minicomputers and
mainframesintroduced just a few years earlier. This was the
first Intel processor to support multitasking, meaning it could
run multiple programs at the same time.

34. • 80486: The 80486 introduced the use of much more
sophisticated and powerful cache technology and
sophisticated instruction pipelining. The 80486 also
offered a built-in math coprocessor, offloading complex
math operations from the main CPU.
• Pentium: With the Pentium, Intel introduced the use of
superscalar techniques, which allow multiple instructions
to execute in parallel.

35. • Pentium Pro: The Pentium Pro continued the move into
superscalar organization begunwith the Pentium, with
aggressive use of register renaming, branch prediction,
data flow analysis,and speculative execution.
• Pentium II: The Pentium II incorporated Intel MMX
technology, which is designedspecifically to process video,
audio, and graphics data efficiently.
• Pentium III: The Pentium III incorporates additional
floating-point instructions to support 3D graphics software.
• Pentium IV: The Pentium 4 includes additional floating-
point and other enhancements for multimedia.

36. • Core: This is the first Intel x86 microprocessor with a dual
core, referring to theb implementation of two processors
on a single chip.
• Core 2: The Core 2 extends the architecture to 64 bits.
The Core 2 Quad provides four processors on a single
chip.

37. • The CPU processes instructions it receives in the process of decoding data. In
processing this data, the CPU performs four basic steps:
• Fetch: Each instruction is stored in memory and has its own address. The
processor takes this address number from the program counter, which is
responsible for tracking which instructions the CPU should execute next.
• Decode: All programs to be executed are translated into Assembly instructions.
Assembly code must be decoded into binary instructions, which are
understandable to your CPU. This step is called decoding.
• Execute: While executing instructions, the CPU can do one of three things: Do
calculations with its ALU, move data from one memory location to another, or
jump to a different address.
• Store: The CPU must give feedback after executing an instruction, and the
output data is written to the memory.

38. Available on Slideshare account- HIMANSHUJAIN378