phenolic acid , gallic acid ,ellagic acid and its isolations and therapeutic effects with refernces

1. Central University of Punjab
Under Guidance
Dr. Priyanka Sharma
Presented by
Akanksha Raghuvanshi
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products
Phenolic Acid, Ellagic Acid and Quercetin
Presentation

2. 1.Phenolic Ring Structure: Phenolic acids have a benzene ring at their core, which consists of six carbon atoms
(C6) arranged in a hexagonal ring. The benzene ring is highly stable due to its aromatic nature.
2.Hydroxyl Groups (OH): One or more hydroxyl groups (-OH) are attached to the benzene ring. The number and
position of these hydroxyl groups vary among different phenolic acids and determine their specific properties.
3.Solubility: Phenolic acids are generally soluble in polar solvents like water and ethanol due to the presence of
hydroxyl groups
Phenolic Acid
Chemical nature

3. Sources of phenolic acids:
1.Fruits: Many fruits are rich sources of phenolic acids. Examples include:
Berries: Blueberries, strawberries, raspberries, and blackberries are particularly high in phenolic acids like ellagic
acid and anthocyanins.
Apples: Apples contain chlorogenic acid and other phenolic compounds.
Citrus fruits: Oranges, lemons, and grapefruits contain various phenolic acids, including flavonoids like
hesperidin and naringin.
Grapes: grapes are a source of phenolic acids like resveratrol, quercetin, and catechins.
2. Vegetables: Various vegetables contain phenolic acids, including:
-Onions: Onions contain quercetin and other phenolic compounds.
-Tomatoes: Tomatoes are a source of chlorogenic acid and other phenolic acids.
-Potatoes: Potatoes contain chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid.
3. Whole Grains: Whole grains such as oats, wheat, barley, and rice contain phenolic acids primarily in their bran
and germ portions.
4. Nuts and Seeds: Some nuts and seeds are good sources of phenolic acids, including almonds, walnuts,
flaxseeds, and sunflower seeds.
Phenolic Acid

4. 5.Herbs and Spices: Many herbs and spices are rich in phenolic compounds. Examples include thyme,
rosemary, sage, oregano, cinnamon, and cloves.
6.Beverages: Phenolic acids can also be found in certain beverages, such as:
- Tea: Tea leaves, especially green tea, contain catechins, which are a type of phenolic acid.
- Coffee:Coffee beans contain chlorogenic acid, which is a well-known phenolic acid.
7. Legumes: Some legumes, like lentils and chickpeas, contain phenolic acids, including p-coumaric acid and
ferulic acid.
8. Cereals:Cereal grains like corn and sorghum also contain phenolic acids, with variations in the types and
amounts depending on the specific grain.
9. Wine:Red wine, in particular, contains phenolic compounds such as resveratrol,
which is believed to have health benefits.
Phenolic Acid

6. Isolation Of Phenolic Acid

9. Conventional isolation Of Phenolic Acid
The conventional extraction techniques of phenolic
compounds are maceration, decoction, percolation,
infusion, digestion, serial exhaustive extraction, and
soxhlet extraction
A separation process is applied to separate the solid parts from
the solvent. This is usually achieved by either filtration,
decantation, or clarification. Although this is an easy technique
it has the demerit of being time-consuming and requiring
solvents in large volumes

10. Non-Conventional isolation Of Phenolic Acid
Microwave-assisted extraction involves the use
of microwave radiation energy to heat-up the solute-
solvent mixture
The diffusion of the solvent through the sample increases
the disruption of hydrogen bonds holding the sample,
thereby allowing the target compounds to dissolve into the
extraction fluid
Solvent diffusion and extraction kinetics are favoured
when using higher temperatures and small sample
volumes in microwave-assisted extraction process
Besides, these solvents have no serious influence on
thermolabile compounds

11. Non-Conventional isolation Of Phenolic Acid
This type of method is an easy extraction technique that
utilizes the induced mechanical influence through micro-
sized bubbles explosion to give quick tissue
disorganization which facilitates the diffusion of
phytochemicals from substance into the solvent
It is a simple and low-cost method which can be used in
both small and large-scale settings
The yield of anthocyanin from purple sweet
potato was reported to be higher when the UAE was
employed (Cai et al., 2016)

12. Phenolic Acid
Therapeutic effect

13. 1.Ellagic acid consists of a central core composed of two benzene rings (C6 rings).
Each benzene ring contains three hydroxyl groups (-OH).
2. Two lactone groups, which are cyclic esters
3. Lactone groups can undergo hydrolysis
4. Hydroxyl Groups: hydroxyl (-OH) groups make polar in nature
Ellagic acid
Chemical nature

14. biological sources of ellagic acid
1. Fruits: Ellagic acid is commonly found in various fruits, including:
- Strawberries
- Raspberries
- Blackberries
- Cranberries
- Pomegranates
- Apples
- Grapes
2. Nuts: Certain nuts contain ellagic acid, including:
- Walnuts
- Pecans
3. Vegetables: Some vegetables also contain ellagic acid, such as:
- Spinach
- Red cabbage
Ellagic acid

15. 4. Beverages: Ellagic acid can be found in beverages like:
- Red wine
- Green tea
5. Herbs and Spices: Certain herbs and spices contain ellagic acid,
including:
- Cloves
- Cinnamon
6. Seeds: Ellagic acid is present in some seeds, such as:
- Raspberry seeds
Ellagic acid

16. Isolation of Ellagic acid

17. Therapeutic effects of ellagic acid:
1. Antioxidant: Ellagic acid acts as an antioxidant, combating oxidative stress.
2. Anti-Inflammatory: It may have anti-inflammatory properties.
3. Anticancer Potential: Ellagic acid is studied for its potential to inhibit cancer cell growth.
4. Cardiovascular Health: It may support heart health by reducing risk factors.
5. Antimicrobial: Ellagic acid exhibits antimicrobial properties.
6. Skin Health: It is explored for its benefits in skin health.
7. Antiviral: Some studies suggest antiviral properties.
8. Immune Support: It may boost the immune system.
9. Wound Healing: Ellagic acid may aid in wound healing.
10. Gastrointestinal Health: It could benefit the digestive system.
11. Liver Protection: Some research indicates potential liver-protective effects.
12. Bone Health: It may support bone health.
Ellagic acid

18. Quercetin
Chemical formula is C15H10O7
A central flavone core: Quercetin's core structure is composed of three rings (two benzene rings and
a central pyrone ring), forming a tricyclic structure.
•Hydroxyl Groups (-OH): Quercetin contains multiple hydroxyl groups (-OH) attached to its
aromatic rings and the central pyrone ring. These hydroxyl groups are responsible for its antioxidant
activity and make it highly soluble in polar solvents like water.
•Ketone Group (C=O): Quercetin has a ketone group (C=O) on its central pyrone ring.
•Double Bonds (C=C): It contains several double bonds, which contribute to its aromatic character
and overall chemical stability.
Chemical nature

19. sources of quercetin include:
1. Fruits:
- Apples
- Berries (such as strawberries, blueberries, and cranberries)
- Citrus fruits (such as oranges and grapefruits)
- Cherries
- Grapes
2. Vegetables:
- Onions
- Shallots
- Garlic
- Kale
- Spinach
- Tomatoes
- Broccoli
- Red and green peppers
Quercetin

20. 3. Herbs and Spices:
- Dill
- Cilantro
- Capers
4. Tea:
- Green tea, black tea, and white tea all contain quercetin.
5. Red Wine:
- Red wine contains quercetin, although it's important to
consume it in moderation.
Quercetin

21. Source Selection
Choose a plant or
food source rich
in quercetin.
Onions, apples,
and citrus fruits
are common
sources
Extraction
a. Solvent
Extraction
b. Steam
Distillation
Concentration
The solvent is
evaporated,
leaving behind a
concentrated
crude extract
containing
quercetin
Purification
To Isolate pure
quercetin,
various
techniques such
as column
chromatography,
crystallization, or
recrystallization
can be done
Drying
Dried to remove
any remaining
moisture and
solvent residues
Quercetin
Isolation

22. Therapeutic effects:-
Quercetin
Quercetin
Antioxidant
Anti-
Inflammatory
Cardiovascular
Health
Anticancer
Immune System
Support
Allergy Relief
Neuroprotective
Effects
Skin Health
Antiviral

23. 1.Phenolic acids: Natural versatile molecules with promising therapeutic applications Naresh Kumara , Nidhi Goelb, *
a.Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol Campus, Indore,
Madhya Pradesh-453552, India b.Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi,
Uttar Pradesh-221005, India
2.Isolation of ellagic acid from the aqueous extract of the roots of Decalepis hamiltonii: Antioxidant activity and
cytoprotective effect Anup Srivastava a , L. Jagan Mohan Rao b , T. Shivanandappa a
3.Therapeutic Potential of Quercetin: New Insights and Perspectives for Human Health Bahare Salehi, Laura Machin,
Lianet Monzote, Javad Sharifi-Rad,* Shahira M. Ezzat,* Mohamed A. Salem, Rana M. Merghany, Nihal M. El Mahdy,
Ceyda Sibel Kılıc, Oksana Sytar, ̧ Mehdi Sharifi-Rad, Farukh Sharopov, Natalia Martins, ́ * Miquel Martorell,* and William
C. Cho*
References

24. “EAT HEALTHY, BE HEALTHY”