6. Tea preparation:
Put a filter-bag of SEKEM Renal Tea in
150 ml of boiling water. Allow to steep
for 3-5 minutes.
Drink 2-3 times a day.
Contraindications:
Use during pregnancy or lactation has
not been established, don’t use during
pregnancy or lactation without
professional advice.
7. SEKEM RENAL Composition:
1- Licorice root:
Liquorice root consists of the dried unpeeled
or peeled whole or cut root and stolons of
Glycyrrhiza glabra L., It contains not less
than 4.0 per cent of glycyrrhizic acid
(C42H62O16, Mr 823).
8. Family: Fabaceae
USE:
1-used as an adjuvant agent to improve the
therapeutic effects of certain drugs.
2-used to treat sore throats, mouth ulcers,
stomach ulcers, inflammatory stomach
conditions and indigestion.
3-used to combat food poisoning in modern
Chinese herbalism.
9. Known hazards:
It has been reported that excessive liquorice
consumption can lead to cardiac dysfunction
and severe hypertension.
1-Structural standards:
1-Microscopic characters:
10. 2-Organoleptic properties:
Odour: slight and characteristic
Taste: very sweet
Color: Unpeeled – yellowish or purplish
brown to dark brown externally and
yellowish internally.
Peeled – pale yellow
14. 3-Moisture content:
During harvesting,roots contain
50% to 60%moisture.
Roots are dried in sun for 2-3
days,and in shed for 10-12 days so
that moisture content in
roots,reduced by10%.
15. 3-Analytical methods:
1-chemical methods:
Assay for glycyrrhizin (glycyrrhizic acid,
glycyrrhizinic acid) content (at least 4%) by
means of spectrophotometric, thin-layer
chromatographic or high-performance
liquid chromatographic methods.
16. 2-UV Spectroscopy:
Glycyrrhizin: The absorption peaks are both
at approximately 254 nm. (spectra A and B)
Isoliquiritin apioside (7), Isoliquiritin (8),
Isoliquiritigenin (12), spectra C; 7, 8, and 12
spectra D).
17. Chromatographic Methods:
1-High Performance Liquid
Chromatographic Identification:
Sample Preparations: Extract 1.0 g of coarsely
powdered Glycyrrhiza root in 50 mL of water
by boiling for about 5 minutes, and filter.
Repeat for 4-5 times or until the extract is
colorless.
Combine the extracts, concentrate to about
100 mL, and cool to room temperature.
18. Before injection, filter through a membrane filter
of 0.45-um or finer pore size, discarding the first 5
mL of the filtrate.
Column:
C18, 25-cm x 4.6 mm, 5-um
Mobile Phase:
0.14 g of anhydrous potassium dihydrogen
phosphate in 900 mL of water, add 0.5 mL
phosphoric acid, mix, complete to volume with
water, and mix (Solution A); and acetonitrile
(Solution B))
21. The maximum acceptable limits of other
microorganisms are as follows:
For preparation of decoction:
aerobic bacteria-not more than 107/g
fungi-not more than 105/g
Escherichia coli-not more than 102/g.
22. 2-Pesticide residues:
Normally, the maximum residue limit of
aldrin and dieldrin for Radix Glycyrrhizae
is not more than 0.05 mg/kg .
3-Heavy metals:
Recommended lead and cadmium levels
are no more than 10 and 0.3 mg/kg,
respectively, in the final dosage form of the
plant material.
23. 2- Chicory leaves:
Botanical: Cichorium intybus (LINN)
Family: Compositae / Asteraceae
Conservation status:
Common and widespread; not of
conservation concern.
24. Medicinal Action and Uses:
Chicory has properties similar to those of
Dandelion, its action being tonic, laxative
and diuretic.
Application:
It is used alone or in combination with other
plant extracts in production of food or feed
additives.
25. Constituents:
A special bitter principle, not named, inulin
and sugar.
Chicoric acid has been identified as the
major compound in methanolic extracts of
chicory.
Aliphatic compounds and their derivatives
comprise the main fraction while terpenoids
comprise minor constituents of the plant.
27. 2- An irregular mass of inulin observed
at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate
Glycerol Solution - Alkemist
Laboratories
28. 3-Organoleptic properties:
Taste: The whole plant has a bitter taste,
without acrimony or any very peculiar flavor.
The taste is strongest in the root and
weakest in the flowers.
Odor: specific
Colour: Green brown to brown amorphous
powder which is slightly soluble in water
and in ethanol 50%.
29. 4- Testing for purity:
pH (10% solution): (4.0 to 7.0)
Level of protein: (14.70%)
Ash: (10.91%)
Crude ether extract: (3.68%)
crude fiber: (16.78%)
30. low concentration of total
carbohydrates : (68.50%)
Sulphated ash, %, not more than: 10.0
Heavy metals, %, not more than: 0.001
Loss on drying, %, not more than: 5.0
32. 5-Analytical methods:
1-Analysis of the extracts for coumarin by
HPLC:
Standard solutions:
Coumarin(C9H6O2) (100mg) was dissolved
in 40ml of acetonitrile and 60ml of water in
volumetric flask. The final solution
contained 100μg/ml of coumarin. For the
working standard, 80μl of the stock
solution was taken and made up to 1ml with
40:60 acetonitile and water respectively.
33. The chromatographic conditions for
the analysis were as follows:
Mobile Phase: acetonitrile: water (40:60)
Separations: done in the binary mode
using acetonitrile: water (40:60; v/v).
Flow rate: 1 ml min-1
Injection volume (“loop”): 20μl
UV detection: 274nm
35. Peppermint leaves:
Peppermint is generally regarded as 'the
world's oldest medicine', with archeological
evidence placing its use at least as far back
as ten thousand years ago.
36. Definition:
Folium Menthae Piperitae consists of the
dried leaves of Menth piperita.
Family:
(Lamiaceae)
Selected vernacular names:
pepper mint, balm mint, peppermint,
piperita.
37. USE:
Peppermint leaf is used for spastic
complaints of the GI tract and
gallbladder.
It is used to aid the various processes of
digestion: to combat gas, increase bile
flow, heal the stomach and liver, etc.
38. The oil also contains menthone and
menthyl esters.
Other health benefits are attributed to the
high manganese, vitamin C and vitamin A
content; as well as trace amounts of various
other nutrients such as fibre, iron, calcium,
folate, potassium, tryptophan, magnesium,
omega-3 fatty acids riboflavin, and copper.
39. Microscopic characteristics:
It exhibits non-glandular and glandular trichomes
as outgrowths; non-glandular trichomes uniseriate,
papillose, 1-8-celled; glandular trichomes have 1-2-
celled stalk and 1-8-celled glandular head
containing the essential oil.
40. Upper epidermis composed of large, clear
epidermal cells with sinuous, vertical walls
and possessing few or no stomata.
palisade parenchyma, comprising a layer of
columnar cells rich in chloroplasts; spongy
parenchyma, of 4-6 layers of irregularly
shaped chloroplastid.
42. 4-Purity tests:
1-Foreign organic matter:
Not more than 5% stems, the diameter of
which must be not more than 1.5 mm.
not more than 8% leaves showing brown
stains due to Puccinia menthae.
not more than 2% other foreign
matter.
43. Total ash:
Not more than 15% according to the European
pharmacopoeia (2); not more than 12% according
to the African pharmacopoeia.
Acid-insoluble ash:
Not more than 1.5%
Pesticide residues:
The recommended maximum limit of aldrin and
dieldrin is not more than 0.05 mg/kg.
44. Chemical assays:
Whole and cut leaves contain not less
than 1.2% and 0.9% (v/w) essential oil,
respectively, determined as described
in the European pharmacopoeia.
45. Major chemical constituents:
The major constituent of the leaves is the
essential oil (0.5-4%), which contains
menthol (30-55%) and menthone (14-32%).
Menthol occurs mostly in the free alcohol
form, with small quantities as the acetate (3-
5%) and valerate esters.
46. 5-Analytical methods:
1-Analysis by HPLC:
Ethanol extract of mint leaf TLC analysis of the
ethanol extract exhibited 5 spots and UV-Vis
spectrophotometry revealed 5 peaks.
However, carvone peak was not seen.
The extract was separated using column
chromatograpy using a
mixture of hexane and acetone (9.6:0.4).
47. The eluent had one compound which did
not show absorbance under UV. This
compound was solid, colourless and had a
sweet odor.
According to literature, mint leaves have
76% menthol which is solid in nature,
indicating that
this compound could be menthol.
48. The IR spectrum revealed sharp bands at
3580 cm-1 to 3650 cm-1 due to the presence
of phenol or alcohol group. The band at
1126.47 cm-1 was due to -C-C stretching.
The band at 2931.90 cm-1 was due to -C-H
stretching. The band at 1259.96 cm-1 was
due to-C-C- stretching.
49. GC-MS analysis revealed a sharp peak with a
retention time of 13.48 minutes, with m/z
value of 156.2, which corresponds to the
molecular weight of menthol (155.6).
GCMS data and other spectral information
confirm the isolated compound to be
menthol.
50. Ammi vissnaga
Definition:
Ammi Visnagae consists of the dried ripe fruits.
Family: (Apiaceae)
Selected vernacular names:
Spanish carrot, kella.
Geographical distribution:
Indigenous to the Mediterranean region.
Cultivated in North America and in Argentina,
Chile, Egypt, India.
51. Use:
In Egypt, a tea made from the fruit of this
species has been used as an herbal remedy
for kidney stones.
Laboratory rat studies show that the extract
slows the buildup of calcium oxalate crystals
in the kidneys and acts as a diuretic.
52. Mechanism of action:
Kidney stone patients are often given
aqueous extracts of (Khella)in many middle
and near eastern countries.
The mode of action of Khella as a kidney
stone therapy is not well understood.
We postulated that the extract may inhibit
crystallization of (CaOx) and prevent crystal
retention within the kidneys.
53. Contraindications:
Ammi Visnagae is used in traditional
systems of medicine as an emmenagogue,
and its safety during pregnancy has not been
established.
Therefore, in accordance with standard
medical practice, the fruits should not be
used during pregnancy.
54. Chemical constituents:
Khellin, a chemical compound obtained from A.
visnaga, was used at one time as a smooth muscle
relaxant, but its use is limited due to adverse side
effects.
Amiodarone and cromoglycate are synthetic
derivatives of khellin with fewer side effects which
were developed for use in modern medicine.
Visnagin is another chemical compound which is
found in A. visnaga.
55. 1-Microscopic characters:
Powder characterized by fragments of
pericarp with vittae, reticulate cells, vessels
and fibres.
fragments with inner porous mesocarp cells
crossed by oriented groups of endocarpal
cells; and numerous fragments of
endosperm.
56. Other fragments show cells of the brown seed coat
and aleurone grains 4–10 μm in diameter,
containing microrosette crystals of
calcium oxalate2–5 μm in diameter.
Hairs and starch grains are absent.
57. 2-purity tests:
Foreign organic matter:
Not more than 2%
Total ash:
Not more than 8%
Acid-insoluble ash:
Not more than 3.5%
Loss on drying:
Not more than 10%
58. Fruit of Ammi majus should be
absent.
• DIFFERENTIATING AMMI VISNAGA FROM AMMI
MAJUS:
Boil about 50 mg of Ammi visnaga Fruit, finely
powdered, with 5 mL of water for 1 min and filter.
Add 1 or 2 drops of this decoction to 1 mL of
sodium hydroxide solution (1 N in water).
Acceptance criteria: Rose-red color is obtained
within 2 min (distinction from Ammi majus
Fruit, no rose-red color is formed).
59. Absence of starch:
Examine powdered Ammi visnaga Fruit
under a microscope using water as a
mounting medium.
Add a few drops of iodine and potassium
iodide TS1.
Acceptance criteria: No blue color is
observed.
60. Pesticide residues:
The recommended maximum limit of aldrin
and dieldrin is not more than0.05 mg/kg .
Chemical assays:
Contains not less than 1% γ-pyrones
(furanochromone derivatives) calculated as
khellin, determined by spectrophotometry.
61. • MICROBIAL ENUMERATION TESTS <61>:
The total aerobic bacterial count does not
exceed 105 cfu/g.
the total combined molds and yeasts count
does not exceed 103 cfu/g.
the bile-tolerant Gram-negative bacteria
does not exceed 103 cfu/g.
Absence of Salmonella species and
Escherichia coli.
62. Successive extractives%:
Petroleum ether: 3.40
Chloroform (60-800C): 6.10
Absolute ethanol: 11.10%
ethanolic water extract: 19.50
pH values:
pH value of 1% solution: 5.92
pH value of 10% solution: 5.64
64. 5-Analytical methods:
1-Analysis of the extracts by HPLC:
Tea bags including fruits of Ammi visnaga L. are
used in Egypt as remedy for the treatment of
kidney stones. .
HPLC for quantitative estimation of khellol
glucoside (KG), khellin (KH) and visnagin (VS)
simultaneously.
This occurred without any interference with
other components despite the complex nature of
some products especially the tea bags.
65. Perfect resolution between KG, KH and VS
was possible through using a mobile phase
consisting of:
water :methanol : tetrahydrofuran
(50:45:5, v/v/v).
Peaks were detected at245 nm.
The average retention time for KG, KH and
VS was found to be 3.16 ^ 0.03, 7.60 ^ 0.04
and 8.90 ^ 0.03 min, respectively, for 10
replicates.
66. Chromatographic conditions:
The isocratic reversed-phase HPLC
separation and quantitation were
performed on a 250£ 4.6mm, 5 mm C18
column
(Luna, Phenomenex, Torrance, CA, USA).
mobile phase at flow rate 1.3 mL/min.
67. Quantitation was achieved with UV
detection at 245 nm based on peak area.
All determinations were performed at
ambient temperature.
The injection volume was 20 mL.
The samples were filtered through 0.45-
mm pore size disposable filters.
68. HPLC chromatograms (20-mL injection
volume) of laboratory-prepared
mixtures of 20mgmL21
of KG, KH and VS.
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