Plants Drug Cultivation: General introduction to importance pharmacognosy. Indian Council of Agricultural Research. Current good agricultural practices. Current good cultivation practices Current good collection practices. Conservation of medicinal plants-Ex-situ & In-situ conservation of medicinal plants.

1.  By – Miss Bhave Pooja S.
M.Pharm (Pharmacognosy)
 Guided By – Dr. Sanjeev Heroor Sir
M.Pharm, Ph.d.

2.  General introduction to importance pharmacognosy.
 Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
 Current good agricultural practices.
 Current good cultivation practices
 Current good collection practices.
 Conservation of medicinal plants-Ex-situ & In-situ
conservation of medicinal plants.

3.  Pharmacognosy occupies an important place in pharmacy as it deals
with the collection, identification, preparation and extraction of a large
group of drugs obtained from natural sources, which are used both in
orthodox and traditional medicine. The knowledge of the action of a drug
(pharmacology) can be utilized successfully only when the identity,
physical nature and chemical constituents of the drug are well known,
and pharmacognosy supplies this information.

Pharmacognosy also shares some grounds with biochemistry.
physiology. enzymology, food technology and a number of other fields of
science. This wider scope of pharmacognosy entitles pharmacognosists
to specialize in taxonomy, anatomy, morphology, phytochemistry,
cultivation and conservation of medicinal and poisonous plants.

4.  ICAR is an autonomous body responsible for coordinating
agricultural education and research in India.
 The Council is the apex body for coordinating, guiding and managing
research and education in agriculture including horticulture, fisheries
and animal sciences in the entire country.
 CAR has played a pioneering role in ushering Green Revolution and
subsequent developments in agriculture in India through its research
and technology development.
 Its members include the minister of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry
and fisheries and senior officers of the various state governments,
representatives of the parliament.

5. 
• BENEFITS OF GAP
• Promotes sustainable agriculture and contributes to meeting national
and international environment and social development objectives.
• Helps improve the safety and quality of food and other agricultural
products.
• Better implementation of the food regulations in India by making
available appropriate quality raw material to the food processing
industry.
Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), as defined by FAO, are a “Collection of
principles to apply for on-farm production and post-production processes,
resulting in safe and healthy food and non-food agricultural products, while
taking into account economic, social and environmental sustainability.

6.  Increased compliance to national and international regulations,
standards and guidelines regarding use of permitted pesticides,
maximum levels of contaminants (including pesticides, veterinary
drugs and mycotoxins) as well as other chemical, microbiological
and physical contamination hazards.
* Necessary to define certain minimum standards with a welldefined
certification and accreditation mechanism for the ultimate
implementation of GAP to facilitate national and international trade in
farm produce.

7.  Soil amendement and manuring :
 Planting material :
 Water management :
 Pesticides and their Use :
 Worker health Safety and Training :
 Harvesting Practices and Field Sanitation :
 Traceability and Record Keeping :

8.  The surest way to improve plant growth is the regular incorporation
of organic matter such as composted yard waste. Organic matter
improves soil structure, slowly releases nutrients, and increases
beneficial microbial activity.
 * Fertiliser-
* Bone meal: steamed ground bone high in phosphate. Sample
analysis (1-11-0) or (5-12-0). Especially good for bulbs and root
crops. Contains 15-22% calcium , plus trace elements. Lasts 6 to 12
months.
*Gypsum: calcium sulfate, a mined product also called “land
plaster.” About 20-23% calcium and 15-18% sulfur, two secondary
nutrients usually fairly well supplied in Maryland soils.

9. * Existing Infra Structure :
* Irrigation Improvement Program :
* Waste Water Reuse :
* Agricultural drainage Reuse :
* Renewable Ground Water Extraction :
* Sea Water Desalination :
* Fossil Ground Extraction :

10. * Drone Farming : Using drones for crop surveillance can
drastically increase farm crop yields while minimizing the cost of
walking the fields or airplane fly-over filming. Seeing the true health
of your field in a color contrast allows you to see how much sunlight
is being absorbed by the crop canopy.
* Crop sensors : This is taking variable rate technology to the
next level. Instead of making a prescription fertilizer map for a field
before you go out to apply it, crop sensors tell application equipment
how much to apply in real time. It’s fairly new and pretty expensive,
but there is huge potential here.

11.  Irrigate Via Smart phone : Smart phones are capable of everything
in the new world. Moisture sensors in the ground alert farmers on
their phones of the moisture levels at certain areas so that they can
control the water provisions in their fields. Sensors to detect soil
composition help to keep track over the fertilizer provision. It’s all
about effective management of resources.
 Crop sensors : This is taking variable rate technology to the next
level. Instead of making a prescription fertilizer map for a field before
you go out to apply it, crop sensors tell application equipment how
much to apply in real time. It’s fairly new and pretty expensive, but
there is huge potential here.

12.  Tractors on autopilot : Advancement in technology has
bought us to this era. The farmer drive a short distance setting
points A & B as a line on the system, after this the GPS
system will have a track to follow and it generalizes that line
into parallel lines set apart by the width of the tool in use.
These systems are capable of tracking curved lines as well.
The tracking system is tied to the tractor’s steering,
automatically keeping it on track freeing the operator from
driving.

13.  Medicinal plant material should be collected during appropriate season or
time period to ensure of best possible quality of both source material and
finished products.
 It is well known that the quantitative concentration of biologically active
constituent is varieswith the stage of plant growth & development.
 The best time for collection (quality peak season or time of day) should
determined according to quality and quantity of biologically active constituent
than the total vegetative yield of the targeted medicinal plant parts.
 In general the collected raw medicinal plant material should not come into
direct contact with the soil. If underground parts (such as the routs) are
used, any adhering soil should be remove from the plants as soon as they
are collected.
 Collected material should be placed in clean baskets, mesh bags, other well
aerated contains.

14.  After collection of raw medicinal plant materials may be subjected to
appropriate preliminary process including elimination of undesirable
materials & contamitants (to remove excess soil) sorting & cutting.
 The collected medicinal plant material should be protetected from insect,
rodents, birds & other from pests, & livestock & domestic animals.
 If the collection site is located some distance from processing facility its may
be necessary to air or sun dry the raw medicinal plant materials prior to
transport.
 If more than one medicinal plant part is to be collected, the different plant
species or plant material should be gather separately & transport in separate
containers. Cross contamination should avoided at all time.
 Collecting implements such as machetes, shears, saws &mechanical tools
should cleaned and maintained in proper condition.
 Those parts that direct contact with collected medicinal plant materials
should be free from excess oils & contamination.

15.  Ex-situ conservation dealing with the off-site conservation of the wild
genetic resources/ genetic diversity in natural habitat. It includes the
collection, preservation and maintenance of selected genetic resources from
wild.
* Ex-situ conservation of medicinal plants is a complementary action to
conserve the genetic diversity, thereby reducing pressure on wild habitats
and augmenting raw material availability. For many species of medicinal
plants their wild population is on critical level and it is not suitable for
dealing in-situ conservation action. It can be serve as field gene banks and
also help to engaging the number of stakeholders in production and
regeneration of medicinal plants.

16.  Seed banks :
 Botanical Gardens :
 Capacity building training program & research :
 stakeholders :

17.  In-situ conservation deals with the on-site conservation of the wild genetic
resources/genetic diversity in natural habitat. In India, the conservation of
forest areas preserve through Protected Areas like National Parks, Wildlife
Sanctuaries and Biosphere Reserves.
 Promotions of In-situ conservation of Medicinal Plants is also important to
the AYUSH due to its dependants on Medicinal Plants. It involves survey,
inventorisation and documentation of important medicinal plants in their
natural habitat. In-situ conservation of medicinal plants is carried out through
following activities:

18.  Ascertaining threat status of various medicinal plant species
traditionally obtained from the wild.
 Identifying major causes of threat to the populations of
threatened species and possible remedy.
 Drawing up of action plan for conservation and sustainable
utilization of important medicinal plant species.
 Stakeholders capacity building, documentation (including a
good quality pictorial directory), hosting on website,
conducting pilot research studies etc. for sustainable
utilization, engaging services of qualified taxonomists and
other necessary professionals for the purpose by the
concerned State Agency/SMPB, preparation of case studies,
promoting conservation values/ sustainability.