3. INTRODUCTION
โข Endourologic management of UPJO was introduced by Ramsay and
colleagues in 1984 as a โpercutaneous pyelolysisโ
โข Popularized in the United States by Badlani and colleagues (1986),who
coined the term endopyelotomy
3
4. The basic concept of the endopyelotomy
โข A full-thickness lateral incision through the obstructing proximal
ureter, from the ureteral lumen out to the peripelvic and periureteral
fat
โข A stent is placed across the incision and is left to heal
(based on the concept of Davisโintubated ureterotomyโ )
4
5. โข The advantages of endourologic approaches - reduced hospital stays and early postoperative
recovery.
โข The success rate does not approach that of open, laparoscopic,or robotic pyeloplasty.
โข consideration of any of the endourologic approaches requires the surgeon take into account
โข the degree of hydronephrosis,
โข ipsilateral renal function,
โข concomitant calculi,
โข presence of crossing vessels
5
6. INDICATIONS FOR INTERVENTION
โข 1. Presence of symptoms associated with the obstruction
โข 2. Impairment of overall renal function or progressive impairment of ipsilateral function
โข 3. Development of stones or infection,or, rarely, causal hypertension.
The primary goal of intervention is relief of symptoms and preservation or improvement
of renal function
6
9. Contraindications
โข Long segment (>2 cm) of obstruction, active infection,and untreated coagulopathy
โข The impact of crossing vessels is controversial
โข The mere presence of crossing vessels is not a contraindication to an endopyelotomy
โข Significant entanglement of the UPJ by crossing vessels may render any
endourologic approach unsuccessful
โข When such entanglement is suggested by intravenous or retrograde pyelography,
it can be reliably verified with 3D helical CT
CROSSING VESSEL
9
10. Patient Preparation
โข Sterile urine should be ensured at the time of definitive intervention
โข If upper tract infection cannot be cleared because of obstruction - internal stenting or percutaneous
nephrostomy drainage
โข Counselling - risks and benefits of the procedure
โข success rate of any endourologic approach,including percutaneous endopyelotomy,may be less than that of
formal reconstruction.
โข Risk of bleeding requiring transfusion,urinary leak, drainage-related complications,and hydropneumothorax,
particularly if upper pole access is used
10
11. Technique
โข Access across the UPJ is established โ In retrograde fashion cystoscopically or in an
antegrade manner percutaneously
โข For retrograde access,the UPJ can be traversed using a hydrophilic wire passed through an open-end
catheter
โข the open-end catheter is advanced over it into the renal pelvis
โข The wire is withdrawn and contrast material is injected through the open-end catheter to guide
subsequent percutaneous access
11
12. โข With the patient in the prone position,the site for percutaneous access is chosen to allow
straightforward access to the UPJ
โข In general,a midposterior or superolateral calyx is chosen,and occasionally an inferolateral calyx
may be used
โข The tract is initially established with fluoroscopic control
12
13. โข Nephroscopy is performed,a wire can again be passed in a retrograde fashion through the
open-end catheter and grasped from above so that through-and-through access is
reestablished.
โข Pass a second wire as a safety wire, so a working and a safety wire are now both in place
โข At this point, percutaneous access is complete and the endopyelotomy may be performed
13
14. โข The hook-shaped cold knife (endopyelotome) is used to
completely incise the UPJ in a full-thickness manner,
from the ureteral lumen to periureteral and peripelvic
fat
โข The holmium laser or the cutting balloon catheter may
also be used to perform an antegrade endopyelotomy
14
15. โข Stent is placed
โข There remains no consensus as to the optimal stent size or duration for endopyelotomy
โข A No.14/7-Fr endopyelotomy stent may be used,passed in an antegrade fashion with the larger-
diameter end of the stent positioned across the UPJ
โข when the patient has not been prestented,passage of this large-caliber stent may be difficult
โข In those instances,a No.10/7-Fr endopyelotomy stent or even a standard No.8-Fr internal stent may be
used
15
16. โข In the setting of a high insertion,the incision can often be extended to the
dependent portion of the renal pelvis under direct vision, bridging the gap
between the lateral wall of the ureter and the medial wall of the pelvis, across the
periureteral and peripelvic fat
โข Once the incision is complete, the stent is already in place and nephrostomy
drainage is instituted for 24 to 48 hours.
16
18. Postoperative Care
โข Avoidance of strenuous activity for 8 to 10 days after the procedure is recommended
โข The ideal stent size,duration of stent placement,and radiographic follow-up after endopyelotomy
remain unclear
โข Once the stent is removed,the patient returns 1 month later for clinical follow-up and radiographic
evaluation.
โข This includes a history,physical examination,urinalysis,and diuretic renography
18
19. โข If the patient remains asymptomatic and the diuretic renography reveals normal drainage,
reevaluation is performed at 6 months and then at 12-month intervals
โข Majority of endopyelotomy failures occur within the first year of the procedure;
โข For most adults,2- to 3-year follow-up is justified because studies indicate that even at 36 months
some late failures are identified, but relatively few are identified at 60 months
19
20. Results
โข Success rates - 85% to 90% at experienced centers,with little difference in outcome noted in primary versus
secondary UPJO
โข When percutaneous endopyelotomy fails,
โข Retrograde endopyelotomy;
โข Repeat percutaneous endopyelotomy;
โข Laparoscopic, robotic, or open operative intervention
โข In failed endopyelotomy - spiral CT angiography done to rule out a crossing vessel
โข If a significant vessel is found,repeat endopyelotomy is usually not recommended
20
21. Complications
โข Analogous to those associated with percutaneous nephrolithotomy
โข Hemorrhage is a risk of any percutaneous upper tract procedure including
endopyelotomy
21
22. โข Acute management of hemorrhage is usually conservative to start:bed rest,hydration,and
transfusion if necessary.
โข The nephrostomy tube should not be irrigated acutely - it is preferable to allow the
pyelocalyceal system to tamponade the bleeding.
โข Selective angiographic embolization - When continued bleeding does not respond to these
conservative measures
22
23. โข Infection is a risk of any urinary tract manipulation including percutaneous
endopyelotomy โ sterilise the urine preoperatively
โข Persistent obstruction is rare in the early postoperative period because of the
internal stent
โข Occasionally the stent can be obstructed from blood clots, and continued
nephrostomy drainage for a few days typically allows the problem to resolve
spontaneously
23
25. PERCUTANEOUS ENDOPYELOPLASTY
โข A hybrid technique - combines percutaneous endopyelotomy and an endoscopic Fenger plasty
โข Endoscopic Fenger plasty - endoscopic Heineke-Mikulicz repair performed through a
percutaneous tract
โข Percutaneous endopyeloplasty consists of horizontal suturing of a standard vertical
endopyelotomy incision performed through a percutaneous renal tract via a nephroscope
25
26. TECHNIQUE
Step 1. Retrograde contrast study and placement of ureteral catheter
โข Retrograde ureteral access is obtained cystoscopically by placing a 6-French open-ended ureteral
catheter into the pelvicalyceal system
26
27. Step 2. Renal access
โข Percutaneous renal access is obtained through an upper or midpole calyx,which provides
direct access to the UPJ
โข A 30-F Amplatz sheath is positioned within the renal pelvis.
27
28. Step 3. Conventional endopyelotomy
โข A laterally placed,fullthickness endopyelotomy incision is made using cutting current and a bugbee electrode
โข The incision is made across the stricture segment and extends for approximately 1 cm into the normal ureter
distally and normal pelvis proximally
โข Care is taken to ensure a clean and sharp cut to facilitate subsequent endopyeloplasty suturing
28
29. Step 4. Mobilizing the distal ureteral lip
โข An important step for suturing
โข The periureteral fibroareolar tissue is carefully dissected away from the incised ureteral margin and the adjacent
unincised ureter.
29
30. Step 5. Endopyeloplasty suturing
โข The loaded SewRite SR5 is passed through the
working channel of the 26-F nephroscope
โข The initial suture approximates the distal and
proximal angles of the endopyelotomy incision,
thereby dividing the horizontal suture-line into 2
equal halves
30
31. โข Additional sutures are placed on either side of the initial stitch to complete the procedure
โข The number of sutures depends on the length of the endopyelotomy incision
โข Typically, 3 sutures are required,one on either side of the initial stitch
31
32. Step 6. Placement of a JJ stent and nephrostomy tube
โข After obtaining precise mucosa-to-mucosa coaptation,a JJ ureteral stent is placed
antegradely,and a 20-French nephrostomy tube is placed.
32
33. โข Percutaneous endopyeloplasty is technically feasible and safe.
โข The initial clinical experience with percutaneous endopyeloplasty is encouraging.
โข These data need to be validated by further studies from multiple centers with longer
follow-up
33
35. RETROGRADE URETEROSCOPIC ENDOPYELOTOMY
The main advantage of a ureteroscopic approach
โข It allows direct visualization of the UPJ and assurance of a properly situated,full-thickness
endopyelotomy incision without the need for percutaneous access
โข Decrease in cost compared with the use of the cautery wire balloon,assuming
ureteroscopic equipment and electroincision or holmium laser are already available
35
36. Indications
โข Functionally significant obstruction
Contraindications
โข Long areas of obstruction and upper tract stones, which are best managed simultaneously with
alternative approaches,usually percutaneously or laparoscopically
โข In patients with significant hydronephrosis,the evidence indicates an antegrade endopyelotomy may be more
efficacious
36
37. Technique
โข General anesthesia - minimize patient movement
โข Retrograde pyelogram is performed under fluoroscopic control
โข A hydrophilic guide wire is passed cystoscopically under fluoroscopic
control and coiled in the pyelocalyceal system
37
38. โข The ureteroscope is passed alongside the guide wire to the level of the UPJ
โข 200- or 365-ฮผm holmium laser fiber , 0.8 to 1.2 J and a frequency of 10 to 15 Hz, the
UPJ is incised in a posterolateral direction
โข contrast material - extravasation confirms adequate depth
โข JJ Stenting
38
41. RETROGRADE CAUTERY WIRE BALLOON
ENDOPYELOTOMY
โข No.7 Fr catheter on which was mounted an 8-mm balloon with a 150-ฮผm-wide, 2.8-cm-long
electrosurgical cutting wire
โข standard cystoscopic techniques and real-time fluoroscopy are used
โข contraindications โ
โข stricture greater than 2 cm, upper tract stones.
โข crossing vessels- increase the risk of hemorrhage
41
42. Technique
โข Retrograde pyelogram under fluoroscopic control,
with C-arm imaging
โข Stiff, nonconducting guide wire is passed and coiled
within the pyelocalyceal system
โข The cautery wire balloon catheter is then passed
with the cutting wire positioned laterally
42
43. The renal pelvis should be drained via the cautery wire balloon catheter
and filled with dilute contrast material
- Balloon is partially inflated- waist will be visualized
- C-arm fluoroscopy -cutting wire is placed in position.
-75 W of pure cutting current is applied for 2 to 3 seconds
- waist resolve and extravasation of contrast material
43