Its about repiratory system of living thing, Hope usefull for you.

1. Respiratory System
By:
Sagita Juniati
4133342007

2. Introduction
• Respiratory System
 Controls
 Gases exchange
• The organs of the respiratory system, there
are:
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
and their smaller branches, and the lungs,
which contain the alveoli.

3. The Nose
• External portion that
contain:
 Nostrils
 Two nasal cavities(
separated by
septum; composed
cartilage and bone)
 conchae
 Paranasal sinuses

4. The Pharynx
Three parts:
• The nasopharynx, where
the nasal cavities open
posterior to the soft palate;
• the oropharynx, where the
oral cavity joins the
pharynx; and
• the Hypopharynx, which
opens into the larynx.
Is the continouslly nose track
that make air pass the larynx

5. The Larynx
• Consists of cartilage plate
• The movement of inner
walls by muscle; glottis is
the gap that connected
the pharynx-Trachea
• Consists of vocal cords,
when air pass, vibration,
speak.
• Consists of
valve=ephyglotis; always
open, closed if food enter
to the pharynx.

6. Glottis & Ephyglotis

7. The Trachea
• Called the windpipe, is a
tube connecting the larynx
to the primary bronchi.
• Arranged by cartilage rings
• Placed front of esophagus.
• Covered by mucous
membrane; Slippery
• Pipe form
• Layer of Pseudostratified
ciliated columnar epithelium
to keep the lungs from
dust/little particle on air

8. The Bronchial Tree
• Connected lungs and
Trachea
• Found on left and right
of heart
• Cartilage plate
• The walls arranged by
smooth muscle
• The bronchi branch
called bronchiolus

9. The Lungs and alveolus

10. The Lungs
• Cone-shaped organs
• Central area - the primary bronchi, the heart, and other
organs.
• The right lung has three lobes; left lung has two lobes;
allowing room for the heart whose apex points left
• Lobe – lobules – bronchiole - many alveoli
• enclosed by a double layer of serous membrane called the
pleura.
• Surface tension-the tendency for water molecules to cling to
each other and to form a droplet.
• Surface tension holds the two pleural layers together when
the lungs recoil during expiration.

11. The Alveoli
• inhalation, air passes by way of the bronchial
tree to the alveoli.
• alveolar sac is made up of simple squamous
epithelium; surrounded by blood capillaries
• Gas exchange occurs between the air in the
alveoli and the blood in the capillaries.
• Oxygen diffuses - alveolar and capillary walls-
bloodstream - carbon dioxide diffuses from
the blood - the alveoli.

12. Mechanism of Breathing
• Conscious and insensbly
• Expiration and Inspiration
• Based on placed and the ways of breath
on Expiration and Inspiration, divided
into:
1. Thorax respiration
2. Abdominal respiration

13. Thorax respiration
• Inspiration : muskulus interkostalis
constractionLiftpad of Margin boneThorax
cavity will be dilate, the lung also expand
pressure of Air cavity of lungs ↓ at outer
↑The air from the outer entered to the lungs
• Expiration : muskulus interkostalis
relaxatationThe thorax bone will be
downThorax cavity become narrow, the lungs
become small pressure of Air cavity of lungs ↑
at outer↓Air released from the lungs

14. Thorax respiration

15. Abdominal respiration
• Inspiration: Diaphgram Muscle
ConstractionDiaphgram has flatThorax cavity
and the lungs will be expandAir Pressure of
Lungs cavity↓Air from the outer enter to the
lungs.
• Expiration: Diaphragm muscle
relaxationcurved Diaphragm Thorax cavity
and the lungs will be decline Air Pressure of
Lungs cavity ↑ The air out of the lungs

16. Abdominal respiration

17. Volume and capacity of the Lungs
• Every people is different
• Depend of the lungs size, The power of
breathing and the ways of breathing
• The lungs volume of Adult; 5-6 L; there are:
– Volume tidal/ tidal volume(VT)
– Volume cadangan inspirasi/volume reseve
inspiration (VCI)
– Volume cadangan ekspirasi/volume reseve
expiration(VCE)
– Volume residu/residual volume (VR)

18. Volume and capacity of the Lungs
• Volume tidal (VT): The air volume-Result
of Inspiration/expiration-nomal
breathing, ± 500cc/ml for the young
adult
• Volume reseve inspiration (VCI): Extra
air volume—from the inspiration after
tidal volume, ± 3000cc/ml

19. Volume and capacity of the Lungs
• Volume reseve expiration (VCE): the
volume of air that can still be in a strong
expiration at the end of a normal
expiration; ± 1100cc/ml
• Residual Volume (VR):volume of air that
still remains in the lungs after expiration
strong , ± 1200cc / ml

20. The frequently of breathing
• Slow or fast breathing is affected by:
–Age
–Gender
–Temperature of environmental
–Position of body

21. Exchanges mechanism of oxygen and
carbondioxide

23. Repiratory system of Pisces

24. Repiratory system of Pisces
Internal Gills
The gills of bony fishes are located between the buccal (mouth)
cavity and the opercular cavities The buccal cavity can be opened
and closed by opening and closing the mouth, and the opercular
cavity can be opened and closed by movements of the
operculum, or gill cover.

25. Respiratory of Amphibian
• Breathing organ of amphibian is Oral cavity,
coane/Nose cavity and lungs also skin
 Skin is Thin, moist and many blood
capillary; Doing when sleep and diffussion
ways → Oxygen though skin → pulmonary
vein cutanea → Heart → all body

26. Respiratory of Amphibian

27. Respiratory of Amphibian
• Inspiration
 Sternohioideus muscle contraction → oral
cavity enlarges → O2 entry through koane (
slit nose ) → koane shut → submandibular
muscles and muscle geniohioideus are
contraction → oral cavity become small →
O2 pushed into the lungs through the cracks
→ gas exchange occurs in the lungs (O2
bound by the walls of the blood in the
capillaries of the lungs, the CO2 released into
the environment).

28. Respiratory of Amphibian
• Expiration
 gas exchange in the lungs → submandibular
muscle relaxation → and sternohioideus
stomach muscles to contract → lungs shrink
→ pressured air out and into the oral cavity →
koane open → slit throat closes → and
geniohioideus submandibular muscles to
contract → the oral cavity decreases → CO2
driven exit through koane .

29. Repiratory of Reptile

30. Repiratory of Reptile
• Phase of inspiration : the rib muscles to contract so that the chest cavity
enlarges followed lungs expand, air in through the nostrils , trachea ,
bronchi, and lungs .
 O2 gas intake by nose → mouth cavity → long trachea → bronchioles
in the lungs → O2 from the lungs to the blood is transported throughout
the body tissues.
• Phase of expiration : rib muscle relaxation so that the chest cavity and
lungs shrink, air from the lungs out through the lungs, bronchi, trachea,
and nostrils.
 From the body tissue in the transport of CO2 → blood to the heart →
Artery to the lungs→bronkiolus → the long tracheal → uvula → oral
cavity → the nostrils

31. Respiratory of Aves

32. Respiratory of Aves
The flow of breathing ( when perch ) :
• Inspiration; The ribs move down - enlarged
chest cavity - lungs inflate - Air enters the
lungs - Purse rear Eve - Lungs - Purse weather
ahead
• Expiration; The ribs move up - thorax deflate -
Lung shrink - Air out of the coffers of the
weather - Lungs ( diffusion ) - Exit

33. Respiratory of Aves
The flow of breathing ( when flying ) :
• Inspiration; Wing lift - coffers swell korakoid
desires - desires abdominal Air enters coffers -
Lungs ( partially ) and the coffers of the air (
mostly ) .
• Expiration; Wing down - weather coffers
korakoid pinched - purses weather thorax
expands - Air pushed out

34. Disease of Human breathing
• Faringitis
• Pneumonia; The alveolus consist fluid and the
amount of eritrosit are excessive
• Asma
• Dipteri
• Asfiksi
• Tuberkulosis
• Hipoksia
• Asidosis
• Sianosis

35. Reference
• Elaine,M.Marieb.2015. Essential of human
anatomy and physiology.USA: Library of
Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
• http://www.bimbie.com/frekuensi-volume-
pernafasan-manusia.htm
• Ananymous. Respiratory.pdf
• Helen,Colbourne.2007. Inquiry into BIOLOGY.
Canada: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Inquiry Into
Biology
• https://extraordinarnee.wordpress.com/2013/10
/04/pernapasan-amfibi/