This presentation represent the terms of masonry.

1. C R E A T E D B Y -
G A R I M A R A T H O R E

2. Masonry is a construction in more than one type of
building units.
Masonry work is one of the major building crafts and one
of the oldest.
Masonry is normally used for the construction of
foundation , walls , columns and other similar structural
component of buildings.

3. Supporting Loads
Subdividing space
Providing thermal and acoustic insulation
Affording fire and weather protection

5.  Course- A course is a horizontal layer of masonry unit. Thus, in
stone masonry the thickness of a course will be equal to the height
of the stones plus thickness equal to the thickness of one mortar
joint.
 Header- A header is a full stone unit or brick which is so laid that its
length is perpendicular to the face of the wall. Thus, the longest
length of a header lies at right angles to the face of the work. In the
case of stone masonry header is something known as through stone
 Stretcher - A stretcher is a full stone unit or brick which in so laid
that its length is along or parallel to the face of the wall Thus, the
longest length of stretcher lies parallel to the face of the work. Thus,
in the case of modular bricks, a brick stretcher will show its face
measuring 10 cm x 20 cm.

7.  Header Course- A course of brick work showing only headers on
the exposed face of the wall is known as header course or heading
course. Thus a header course of bricks will show all the brick units
measuring 10 cm x 10 cm of the face of the wall
 Stretcher Course- A course of brick work showing only the
stretchers on the exposed face of the wall is known as the stretcher
course or stretching course.
 Bed- This is the lower surface of a brick or stone in each course.
This is the surface of stone or brick perpendicular to the line of
pressure.
 Face- It is the surface of the wall exposed to the weather.

9.  Back - The inner surface of the
wall which is not exposed to
weather is termed as back.
 Facing -The material used in the
face of the wall is known as
facing .
 Hearting- The inner portion of
the wall between the facing and
backing is known as the hearting.
 Side- It is the surface forming
the boundary of bricks or stones
in a direction transverse to the
face and bed.

10.  Closer- It is the portion of brick cut in such a manner that its o
ne long face remains uncut.
 Queen closer- It is the portion of a brick obtained by cutting a
brick length-wise into two portion. Thus queen closer is a bric
k which is half as wide as the full brick.
 King closer- It is the portion of a brick which is so cut that wi
dth of one of its end is half that of a full brick, while the width
at the other end is equal to the full width. It is thus obtained by
cutting off the triangular piece between the centre of one end a
nd the centre of the other (long) side.

12.  Bevelled closer- It is the special
form of king closer in which the
whole length of the brick is bevel
led in such a way that half width
is maintained at one end and full
width is obtained at the other end
.
 Mitred closer- It is a brick who
se one end is cut splayed or mitre
d for full width. The angle of spl
ay may vary from 45 to 60. Thus,
one longer face of the mitred clo
ser is of full length of the brick w
hile the other longer face is small
er in length.

13.  Joint- The junction of adjacen
t units of bricks or stones is kn
own as joints.
 Joints parallel to the bed of bri
cks or stones is known as bed
joint. Joints perpendicular to t
he face of the wall is known a
s cross joint or vertical joints.
 All joints are formed in cemen
t mortar, lime mortar or mud
mortar. A joint which is parall
el to the face of the wall is kn
own as wall joint.

14.  Bat- It is the portion of the br
ick cut across the width.
 Thus a bat is smaller in lengt
h than the full brick If the leng
th of the bat is equal to half th
e length of the original brick it
is known as half bat.
 A three quarter bat is the one
having its length equal to thre
e quarters of the length of a fu
ll brick. If a bat has its width
bevelled , it is known as bevel
led bat.

15. Lintel- It is a horizontal member of stone, brick, wood, st
eel, or reinforced concrete, used to support the masonry a
nd the super-imposed load above an opening.
Plinth- Plinth is the horizontal projecting course of stone
or brick, provided at the base of the wall above the ground
level. Plinth raises the level of ground floor above the nat
ural ground level, thus protecting the building from rain,
water, froast and other weather effects.

16. Plinth course- It is the uppermost co
urse of the plinth masonry .
String course- It is the continuous ho
rizontal course of masonry, projecting
from the face of the wall for shedding
rain water off the face. It is generally
provided at every floor and sill level.
A string course breaks the monotony
of a plane surface, and thus imparts a
esthetic appearance to the structure.
The string course is suitably weathere
d and throated so as to throw off wate
r clear of the wall surface.

17.  Cornice- It is a projecting ornamental course near the top of a
wall or at the junction of wall and the ceiling. It penetrates the
full width of the wall. It is weathered and throated to dispose
off rain water. In order to prevent overturning of cornice, extra
weight in the form of parapet wall should be Parapet.
 Coping- It is a covering of stone, concrete, brick of terracota ,
placed on the exposed top of a wall, to prevent seepage of
water. It may also be provided on the top of compound wall. A
coping is suitably weathered and throated.

19.  Weathering- It is the term used to denote the provision of the slo
pe on the upper surface as sills, cornices, string courses, copings
etc.
 Throating- It is a groove provided on the underside of projecting
elements such as sills cornices, copings etc. so that rain water can
be discharged clear of the wall surface
 Gable- It is a triangular shaped masonry work, provided at the
ends of a slope roof.
 Freeze- It is a course of stone placed immediately below the
cornice, along the external face of the wall , intended to improve
the appearance of the wall.

21.  Parapet- It is the portion of low height wall constructed along th
e edge of the roof to protect the users. Parapet acts as a protective
solid balustrade for the users. In the case of pitched roofs, parapet
is constructed to conceal the gutter at the eaves level.
 Arch- Arch is a structural construction of masonry constructed b
y mechanical arrangement of wedge-shaped blocks of stone or br
ick arranged in the form of a curve supporting wall or load above
the opening.
 Blocking course- It is another course of stone placed immediatel
y above the cornice. Apart from improving the appearance of the
wall, it adds to the stability of the cornice against overturning.

23.  Toothing - These are the bricks left projecting in alternate courses
for the purposes of bonding future masonry work.
 Stoolings - These are the horizontal stones provided to receive jamb
and mullions. These are formed at the ends of sills, transomes and h
eads.
 Template or bed block - It is defined as the block of stone or concr
ete provide under a beam or girder to distribute the concentrated loa
d over a greater area of the bearing surface.
 Column- It is a vertical load bearing member of masonry, which is
constructed in an isolation from the wall, and whose width does not
exceed four times its thickness.

24.  Pier or Pilaster- Pier is an isolated vertical mass of stone or
brick masonry to support beams, lintels, arch etc. the width of
which exceeds four times its thickness. If it is made monolithic
with the wall and projecting a little beyond to support the ends
of a beam or truss etc. , then it is called a pilaster.
 Buttress- It is a sloping or stepped masonry projection from a
tall wall intended to strengthen the wall against the thrust of a
roof or arch.
 Offsets- These are the narrow horizontal surfaces which are
formed by reducing the thickness of the wall. Walls of tall
buildings are formed with offsets. Similarly offsets are also
provided in masonry footings.