layer-by-layer precise positioning of biological materials, biochemicals and living cells, with spatial control of the placement of functional components (extracellular matrix, cells and pre-organized micro vessels) to fabricate 3D structures.

2. Gajendra Singh (MSDIT/18/02)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
NIT, ARUNACHAL PRADESH

3. 1. Why 3D Printing ?
➢ Printing Anatomical models that are used for
teaching and surgery panning.
➢ Industrial Printing of metallic objects to allow for
prototyping of personalized surgical guides and
plates.
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4. 2. What is 3D Bioprinting ?
By Murphy and Atala
“layer-by-layer precise positioning of biological
materials, biochemicals and living cells, with spatial
control of the placement of functional components
(extracellular matrix, cells and pre-organized micro
vessels) to fabricate 3D structures.”
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5. 3. Process of Bioprinting
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6. 3.1 Pre-Processing
Mesh & Modelling : CAD & CAM tools are used
for controlling both the pattern of layer-by-layer
deposition and the overall shape of the object to
be printed.
Bio-Ink : The cells are integrated in a fluidic biomaterial
(synthetic or natural polymers).
➢ Natural Polymers : Alginate, hyaluronic acid, silk fibroin,
collagen, and gelatin
➢ Synthetic polymers : polylactide-co-glycolide, polyethylene
glycol, poly-L-lactic acid, and polycapro-lactone.
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7. 3.2 Processing
• Printing steps are similar to classical 3D printing but need to control the
printing parameter, suitable rheology of the ink and survival of the cells.
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8. 3.3 Post-Processing
➢ Final object is kept under specific conditions
inside an incubator and will go through a
MATURATION step.
➢ It is consisting of regular addition of growth
factors and daily culture medium supply.
➢ Growth factors
▪ Bone morphogenetic protein
▪ Vascular endothelial
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9. 4. Brief of 3D Bioprinting
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10. 5. Performed Experiments
Author (year) Performed operation
Owens et al
(2014)
Bio-printed a synthetic nerve graft composed of Schwann cell
tubes and bone marrow stem cells and implanted in rats for
sciatic nerve repair.
Michael et al
(2013)
engineered cellularized skin substitutes containing keratinocytes
via laser-assisted bioprinting and substitutes were transplanted
into full-thickness skin defects in mice, resulting in migration of
fibroblasts, blood vessel formation, and collagen production.
Laronda et al
(2017)
used additive manufacturing in surgically sterilized mice by
printing microporous hydrogel scaffolds of 15x15 mm in which
mouse follicles were inserted. ovarian function was fully
restored. Moreover, pups were born through natural mating and
thrive through maternal lactation
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11. 6. Limits
➢ The lack of consensus because of varying parameters.
➢ Vascularization of the printed tissue.
➢ Large scale and size printing.
➢ No human studies.
➢ It’s a priority for all space agencies and programs are
already targeting this challenge.
Vascular Tissue Challenge launched by NASA in 2016.
➢ This issue also highlighted by an official report from
European Parliaments.
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12. 7. Prospects (Future Scope)
➢ Printing organs and composite tissue of any size
could be possible.
➢ In-vitro drug tolerance and efficacy testing of
specific functional tissue.
➢ Printing large functional (living) model can help for
training and teaching surgery very close to reality.
➢ Reconstructive surgery would be highly optimized.
Cont..
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13. 7. Prospects (Future Scope)
➢ No need to wait for a donor.
➢ Put an end to illegal trade in human organs.
➢ To restore the identity by creating a graft similar to
the original face, in case of face transplantation.
➢ Medical profession would be personalized
treatment.
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14. 8. Ethical Concern
➢ Costly procedure that is available mostly to those
who can afford such treatment.
➢ Issue of fair or equal access.
➢ Bioprinting might be (mis-)used to improve organs
by adding functional or interbreeding human cells
with those of animals.
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15. 9. Conclusion
When the currant limitations are overcome, 3D
bioprinting could be key for those issues.
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16. 10. Bibliography
1. Sigaux N, Pourchet L, Breton P, Brosset S, Louvrier A, Marquette CA. 3D
Bioprinting:principles, fantasies and prospects. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg
2019;120:128–32.
2. Owens C, Marga F, Forgacs G, Heesch C. Biofabrication and testing of a fully
cellular nerve graft. Biofabrictation 2014;5(4):45007.
3. Michael S, Sorg H, Peck C, et al. Tissue engineered skin substitutes created by
laser- assisted bioprinting form skin-like structures in the dorsal skin fold chamber
in mice. PLoS One 2013;8(3):e57741.
4. Laronda MM, Rutz AL, Xiao S, et al. A bioprosthetic ovary created using 3D
printed microporous scaffolds restores ovarian function in sterilized mice. Nat
Commun 2017;8:1–10.
5. Murphy SV, Atala A. 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs. Nat Biotechnol
2014;32(8):773–85.
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