3D bio-printing involves printing layers of living cells and biomaterials to create organ-like structures for transplantation or research. Charles Hull developed the first 3D printer in the 1980s, and bio-printing was introduced in the late 1990s using "bio-inks" containing living cells. There are three main types of bio-printing: extrusion-based, droplet-based, and laser-assisted. Bio-printing has applications in pharmaceutical testing, artificial organs, wound healing, and "organ chips". While still in development, bio-printing could help address organ shortages and risks of rejection through customized transplants.

1. 3D BIO-PRINTING OF CELLS, TISSUE AND ORGANS
ANTARA SADHU

2. BASIC UNDERSTANDING
 Organ transplantation - an organ is removed from one body and placed in the body of a recipient, to
replace a damaged or missing organ.
 Bio printing - bioprinters print with cells and biomaterials, creating organ-like structures that let living
cells multiply.

3. FIRST USAGE OF 3D PRINTERS
 Scientist – Charles Hull
 1st printer – created solid objects by following computer aided design
 Printer deposited layers of photopolymer, cross-linked by UV light – creating solid object
 Process is called stereolithography (SLA)
 Late 90s, bio-printing was introduced
 Bio-ink – composed of living cells, biomaterials or active biomolecules
Source – Journal – Scientific reports, Title – 3D bio-printing of cells, tissue and organs, Authors - Madhuri Dey and
Ibrahim T Ozbolat
Charles Hull

4. BIO-PRINTING CLASSIFICATION
Extrusion bio-printing
 It employs mechanical, pneumatic or solenoid dispenser systems
 It requires shear thinning bio-inks
Source – Journal – Scientific reports, Title – 3D bio-printing of cells, tissue and organs, Authors - Madhuri Dey and
Ibrahim T Ozbolat

5. BIO-PRINTING CLASSIFICATION
Droplet bio-printing
 It relies on the generation of bio-ink droplets by thermal, acoustic or electrical
stimulation
 Needs materials with low viscosity as bio-inks
Source – Journal – Scientific reports, Title – 3D bio-printing of cells, tissue and organs, Authors - Madhuri Dey and
Ibrahim T Ozbolat

6. BIO-PRINTING CLASSIFICATION
Laser based bio-printing
 It utilizes laser power to 3D print structures
 Blood plasma, Matrigel etc. have been used as bio-ink
Source – Journal – Scientific reports, Title – 3D bio-printing of cells, tissue and organs, Authors - Madhuri Dey and
Ibrahim T Ozbolat

7. Schematic representation of the main 3D bio-printing technologies. (a) Inkjet/droplet
bio-printing. (b) Extrusion-based bio-printing. (c) Laser-assisted bio-printing
Source – Journal – Biomater sci, Title – Bio-inks for 3D bio-printing, Authors - P. Selcan Gungor-Ozkerim, Ilyas Inci, Yu
Shrike Zhang, Ali Khademhosseini and Mehmet Remzi Dokmeci

8. SCOPES OF BIO-PRINTING
 Surgical planning
 Prosthesis
 Organ printing
 Drug delivery

9. BENEFITS OF BIO-PRINTING
 Advanced research in tissue engineering:
Bio-printing allows researchers to fabricate simplified homo-cellular tissue models
 Tissue models for drug screening and toxicology:
Bio-printed tissue models based on human cells can improve the drug discovery process
 Tissue model for cancer research:
Allows studies concerning complex interactions such as cancer cell dynamics
 Drug and organ printing
Bio-printed organs would not be rejected by the body
Source - Journal – Elsevier, Title – 3D Printing of Tissues and Organs for Regenerative Medicines,
Authors – Sanjairaj Vijayavenkataramana, Wei-Cheng Yan, Wen Feng Lu,

10. Scopes and benefits of bio-printing

11. APPLICATIONS OF BIO-PRINTING
 Pharmaceutical development:
Providing a more ethical and cost-effective solution
 Artificial organs:
Expedite the organ donation process
 Wound healing:
Tissue-specific bio-inks enable researchers to work with artificial skin cells, neurons, hepatocytes and more
 bio-printing on a chip:
Lets researches give the tissue nutrients to monitor growth and development
Source – Journal - Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., Title - Recent Advances in Bio-ink Design for 3D
bio-printing of Tissues and Organs, Authors – Shen Ji, Murat Guvendiren

12. Applications of bio-printing

13. FUTURE OF BIO-PRINTING
 Positive outcome from micro organ chips and engineered living systems.
The technique can be used for a number of biological applications, including printing biomaterials for tissue scaffolds
and implants
 In vitro regenerative cell and tissue models.
Work in this field has stimulated the development of novel bio-inks, translational tissue engineering, personalized
cancer treatments, and drug discoveries.
 The need for a new generation of novel bio-inks with multifunctional properties
 Efficient and effective crosslinking techniques and crosslinkers to maintain bio-ink structural integrity
and stability after printing
 Integration with microfluidic devices to provide a long-term and a simulated physiological environment
in which to culture printed models.
Source - Journal – Elsevier, Title – 3D Printing of Tissues and Organs for Regenerative Medicines,
Authors – Sanjairaj Vijayavenkataramana, Wei-Cheng Yan, Wen Feng Lu,

14. Image showing bio-printing process

15. Images showing future of bio-printing in regenerative cell and tissue models

16. TRANSPLANTATION REJECTION
 Allografts – Transplants between individuals within a species
 Xenografts – Transplants between different species
 The recipient’s cells may recognize donor’s tissues as foreign, triggers immune response – “Tissue
rejection”
 Types – a) Acute graft vs host disease b) Chronic graft vs host disease

17. Tissue rejection after transplantation

18. OUTCOMES AND SUCCESS RATES
 Largely at development stages
 Would decrease organ transplant shortage
 Only organ that has been bio-printed – human bladder
 Organs are customized to recipient’s need – decreased risks of organ rejection

19. 3D BIO-PRINTING IN INDIA
 Research programs in IIT Mumbai, IISc Bangalore, Sri Chitra Thirunal Trivandrum
 Soft tissue printing – IIT Delhi, IIT Guwahati
 Apollo Hospitals Group on Wednesday announced its collaboration with Anatomiz 3D
Medtech to establish hospital 3D-printing labs in India, February 2021