This document outlines several philosophical methods and traditions including phenomenology, existentialism, postmodernism, analytic philosophy, logic, and critical thinking. It also discusses common fallacies in philosophical reasoning such as appeals to emotion, ignorance, equivocation, composition, and begging the question. Key philosophers mentioned include Edmund Husserl, Soren Kierkegaard, and Ludwig Wittgenstein.
8. PHENOMENOLOGY (Edmund
Husserl)
A scientific study of the
essential structures of
consciousness.
Phenomenology is in contrast
with Rationalism and
Rationalist Bias
Method for finding and
guaranteeing the TRUTH.
9. Phenomenological REDUCTION
EPOCHE OR
SUSPENSION
■Bracketing Out
■ systematic steps to "set
aside" various
assumptions and beliefs
about a phenomenon in
order to examine how
the phenomenon
presents itself in the
world of the participant.
EIDETIC REDUCTION
■Reduction of
Experience to its
essence.
■Using the notion of
intuition that differs in
form
12. Existentialism is supported by diverse
doctrines centered on certain common
themes.
■The human condition or the relation of the individual to
the world.
■The human response to that condition.
■The differences between the BEING OF PERSON and
the BEING OF OTHER KIND OF THINGS.
■Human freedom
■The significance of choice and decision in the absence of
certainty
■Concreteness and subjectivity of life as lived.
13. LIFE IS ABSURD
But despite this
view human can
make rational
decision &
eventually define
their own meaning
15. POST MODERNISM
■is a late 20th-century movement in
philosophy and literary theory that
generally questions the basic
assumptions of Western philosophy in the
modern period (roughly, the 17th century
through the 19th century).
■Post modernist believe that humanity
should come at truth beyond the rational
to the non-rational elements of human
nature, they considers that to arrive at
truth, humanity should realize the limits of
reason and objectivism.
16. ANALYTIC
TRADITION/PHILOSOPHY
■Is the conviction that some
significant degree,
philosophical problem,
puzzles and errors are
rooted in language and can
be solve or avoided by a
sound understanding of
language and careful
attention to its working.
LUDWIG WITTGENSTEIN
17. LOGIC AND CRITICAL THINKING
■Centered on the analysis and construction
of arguments.
■Two types of reason INDUCTIVE (based
from observation in order to make a
generalization) & DEDUCTIVE (draws
conclusion from usually one broad
judgments or definition).
18. ERRORS IN PHILOSOPIZING /
FALLACIES
■It is a defect in an
argument
■Errors in reasoning
comes up with false
conclusion.
19. APPEAL TO PITY / ARGUMENTUM
AD MISERICORDIAM
■Appeal to emotion
■a fallacy in which someone tries to win support for
an argument or idea by exploiting one's
opponent's feelings of pity or guilt
Example:
20. APPEAL TO IGNORANCE/
ARGUMENTUM AD IGNORANTIAM
■This fallacy occurs when you argue that your
conclusion must be true, because there is no
evidence against it.
■This fallacy wrongly shifts the burden of proof away
from the one making the claim.
Example.
22. COMPOSITION
■The fallacy of composition consists in treating a
distributed characteristic as if it were collective. It
occurs when one makes the mistake of attributing
to a group (or a whole) some characteristic that is
true only of its individual members (or its parts),
and then makes inferences based on that
mistake.
Example.
24. AGAINTS THE PERSON/
ARGUMENTUM AD HOMINEM
■An argument that attacks a person's character or
circumstances in order to oppose or discredit the
person's viewpoint.
Example.
25. APPEAL TO
FORCE/ARGUMENTUM AD
BACULUM
■This argument uses force, the threat of force, or
some other unpleasant backlash to make the
audience accept a conclusion. It commonly
appears as a last resort when evidence or rational
arguments fail to convince a reader.
Example.
26. APPEAL TO
PEOPLE/ARGUMENTUM AD
POPULUM
■is a fallacious argument which is based on
claiming a truth or affirming something is good
because the majority thinks so
Example.
27. FALSE CAUSE/ POST HOC
■a type of informal fallacy or a persuasive
technique in which a temporal sequence of events
is assumed to be a causal sequence of events.
Example.
28. HASTY GENERALIZATION
■is sometimes called the over-generalization
fallacy. It is basically making a claim based on
evidence that it just too small. Essentially, you
can't make a claim and say that something is true
if you have only an example or two as evidence.
Example.
29. BEGGING THE QUESTION/
PETITIO PRINCIPII
■is an argument based on unsound
reasoning. Begging the question is a fallacy in
which a claim is made and accepted to be true,
but one must accept the premise to be true for the
claim to be true.
■This is also known as circular reasoning.
Essentially, one makes a claim based on
evidence that requires one to already accept that
the claim is true.
