Formation of Heavier Elements

1. FORMATIONOFHEAVIER
ELEMENTS
By: FRENZ D. DELA CRUZ

2. Big Bang theory
 Describes as the origin of Light
Element which started from a
singularity.
 Among the proposed explanations
on how the universe began and
currently accepted theory.

3. Objectives of the Lesson
🠶Give evidence for and describe the
formation of heavier elements during star
formation and evolution
🠶Demonstrate understanding on the basic
concept of star formation.
🠶Know the chemical elements from
hydrogen to iron can be formed in the stars
through stellar fusion

4. Name this Riddle?
1. At night they come
without being fetched,
and by day they are
lost without being
stolen.
What am I?
Ans.: Stars
2. What did the
scientist say when he
found 2 atoms of
Helium?
Ans.: HeHe

5. 3. When two
light become
one, I liberate
quite a bit of
nuclear energy
? What am I?
Ans: Nuclear
Fusion
4. When combined with
oxygen, I make the
“fizz”, wear me on your
finger or use me to
write, in one of my
forms, my name is
graphite.Who am I?
Ans.: Carbon

6. The Galaxy Puzzle:
Once, there was a spy named Hydrogen (nicknamed Hy)
with massive issues on trusting Angela, his agency partner.
There was always the possibility that their opinions crash
against each other rather than end in a peaceful fusion like
when Hy suggest the suspect of the crime they were
investigating could be in the East Coast but Angela argues
that the place should be in the West Coast. They were almost
becoming the “big bang” to their carrers. The gravity of the
situation made Hy and Angela rethink their attitude and agree
to be more understandable of each other’s difference on
opinions.

7. 1. This is the lightest element in the
periodic table.
2. This is what happens when elements
combine together, usually resulting to new elements.
3. This is the theory which proposes the
universe is still in the process of inflation.
4. This is the term for stars bigger than
our own Sun.
5. This is what pulls atoms together and
what causes the earth to orbit the sun

8. How were the heavy elements formed?
Stellar Nucleosynthesis
- birth of elements through
nuclear fusion that takes w/in
stars.
- is the process by which the
natural abundance of the
chemical elements within
stars vary due to nuclear
fusion reactions
-Explains how new
atomic nucleus are
formed from nucleons
preceding from the
new ones.

9. Nuclear fusion
🠶 I t is how elements hydrogen, Helium and
small amounts of lithium and beryllium
were formed.
🠶 a process by which neutron and protons
combine together to form a new atom.
🠶 a n extremely high energy and
temperature of the universe.

10. Proton and Neutron fusion
+ = New
Atom
Identity
of an
element

11. Nucleosynthetic
Pathways:
🠶Triple Alpha Process
🠶 C - N-O cycle
🠶Alpha Ladder

12. Triple Alpha Process
🠶 I s a set of nuclear
fusion reactions to
which three
Helium-4 atom
(alpha particles)
are transformed
into Carbon(C).

13. C-N-O cycle
🠶 I t is the catalytic
cycle.
🠶 One of the two known
sets of fusion
reactions by which
stars convert
hydrogen to helium in
a larger or hotter
main-sequence star.

14. Alpha Ladder
ar
🠶One of two
classes of nucle
fusion reactions
by which stars
convert helium
into heavier
elements.

15. HOW OTHER HEAVY ELEMENTS WERE
FORMED OTHER THAN IRON (Fe)?
 All the elements heavier
than iron are formed in a
SUPERNOVA.

16. SUPERNOVA NUCLEOSYTHESIS
-a massive explosion of a star.
- nucleosynthesis of chemical
elements in supernova explosions.
-neutron capture reaction takes
place, leading to the formation of
heavy elements.

17. Hydrostatic Burning
not a chemical
reaction
fusion that occur in
massive stars w/ a
minimum of about 8-
11solar masses
- set of nuclear fusion
that takes place in
massive stars that
use
-d
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er
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ie
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eles
m
ee
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ute
snic
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oe
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olr
e
e
a
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- Set of nuclear fusion
- n
byu
wh
c
icl
he
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a
ee
r fusion and
transformed into
he
-A
liu
s
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et
-4
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uu
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le
i are
fusion reaction that
takeC
pa
la
rb
ce
on
in
. the
cores of massive
stars that combin
.es
Carbon into other
elements.

18. TWO PROCESSES INVOLVES:
A. R-process/Rapid
Neutron capture
process
-responsible for the
creation of approximately
half the atomic nuclei
heavier iron
-Involves rapid capture
of neutrons by the atom.
- Synthesizes the
most neutron-rich
stable isotopes of
each heavy elements.
- entails a succession
of rapid neutron
captures by one or
more heavy seed
nuclei.

19. B. S-process/ Slow Neutron Capture
process
- series of reaction in nuclear
astrophysics that occur in stars,
particularly asymptotic giant branch
stars.
-involving slow neutron capture in red
giants.

20. SUMMARY
🠶Formation of Heavy Elements
Lighter elements were formed
during the Big bang theory
Heavy elements were formed
after the Lighter elements.

21. Nucleosynthetic
Pathways:
🠶Triple Alpha
Process
🠶 C - N-O cycle
🠶Alpha Ladder

22. TWO PROCESSES INVOLVES:
a. R-process/ Rapid Neutron capture
process
-Involves rapid capture of neutrons by the
atom.
b. S-process/ Slow Neutron Capture
process
- involving slow neutron capture in red
giants.

23. THANK YOU!