Philippine Politics and Governance

1. Philippine Politics
and Governance
Quarter 1 – Module 5-6: Analyze the
relationship among Nation and States
in the context of Globalization

2. •Philippine Politics and Governance
• Quarter 1 – Module 7:
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
PHILIPPINE
POLITICS

3. Analyze the evolution of
Philippine politics and
governance.
LEARNING COMPETENCY:
1

4. K- Explain the evolution of politics and
governance in the Philippines
S- Evaluate the contribution of the political
leaders in every stage of Philippine politics and
governance to the current status of the
Philippine Republic.
A- Value the contribution of the political
figures in the past until the Present.
OBJECTIVES:
1

5. What I Know
2

6. 2
What’s In
POLITICAL HISTORY
OF PHILIPPINE
POLITICS

7. 3
What is It
I.The Pre-Spanish Government
During this time, the early Filipinos had a
government called “balangay”. The head or the
leader was called Datu or Rajah who was assisted by
the elders in the community. The powers of the
government were exercised by the datu or rajah.
There were three social classes during this time, the
Maharlika (nobles), the Timawas ( Freemen), the
Alipin (slaves). The Datu or the Rajah always came
from the Marharlika.

8. 3
What is It
II. GOVERNMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES
UNDER THE SPANISH RULE
The Philippines was colonized by Spain and ruled
indirectly by the King of Spain through the viceroy of
Mexico. The Philippines was ruled by Spain until it got
the independence in 1898. The national government was
headed by a Spanish General who was appointed by the
King of Spain. Below the national government was the
Alcaldia or the provinces headed by the Alcalde mayor.
Next were the Pueblos or recently called as towns which
were led by the Gobernadorcillo known as the little
governor and the barangays which were led by the
Cabeza de Barangay.

9. 3
What is It
II. GOVERNMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES
UNDER THE SPANISH RULE
During the Spanish government in the Philippines,
many Filipinos established organizations which main
purpose was to overthrow the Spanish government
because of its tyranny. Among the key personalities who
rose into rebellion were Andres Bonifacio and Emilio
Aguinaldo. Andres Bonifacio organized the Katipunan
and was replaced because it was discovered by the
Spanish authorities. The new government was headed by
Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo as President in the Tejeros
Convention held on March 22-23, 1897.

10. 3
What is It
II. GOVERNMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES
UNDER THE SPANISH RULE
Emilio Aguinaldo then created the Biak-Na-Bato
Republic which aimed to separate from Spain. But
Aguinaldo and his men were exiled in Hong Kong. After
his exile, he established a Dictatorial Government which
resulted to the proclamation of Philippine Independence
in Kawit Cavite on June 12, 1898 and the reorganization
of local governments. On January 23, 1899, the first
Philippine Republic was established with Gen. Aguinaldo
as the President.

11. 3
What is It
III. THE GOVERNMENT DURING THE
AMERICAN REGIME
The Americans started the military rule in the
Philippines on August 14, 1898. The President of the
United States delegated his authority to the military
governor who exercised all powers of the government (as
long as the war lasted) - executive, legislative and
judiciary. The Spooner Amendment ended the military
regime in the Philippines. It was changed into civil
government headed by a Civil Governor General on
February 6, 1905. The Governor-general has legislative
powers, and he was the President of the Philippine
Commission from 1901-1907.

12. 3
What is It
III. THE GOVERNMENT DURING THE
AMERICAN REGIME
The Philippine commission was the sole lawmaking
body of the Philippine assembly as the lower chamber.
The Jones Law of 1916 which became the fundamental
law for the Philippines vested the legislative power in an
all Filipino lawmaking body composed of the Philippine
senate and the House of Representatives.

13. 3
What is It
IV. THE COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT
The Tydings-McDuffie Law in 1934 established the
Commonwealth Government. It was a form of
government in transition towards independence. It
provided for a tenyear transition period after which the
Philippine Independence would be proclaimed and
established.

14. 3
What is It
IV. THE COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT
The Commonwealth Government was inaugurated
on November 15, 1935. The first national election in the
country was held on September 12, 1935. Manuel L.
Quezon was the President, and his vice President was
Sergio Osmena. The Commonwealth Government
functioned in exile during World War II in Washington,
USA, from May 13, 1942 to October 3, 1944. It was re-
established in Manila on February 27, 1945. The USA
turned over to a Filipino President the full powers and
responsibilities of the Commonwealth Government
under the 1935 Constitution.

15. 3
What is It
V. THE GOVERNMENT UNDER THE
JAPANESE OCCUPATION
The Japanese military administration was established
in Manila on January 3, 1942. A civil government which
was called the Philippine Executive Commission was
established with Jorge B. Vargas as Chairman. It had
legislative and executive powers, but the laws enacted
through were subject to approval by the Commander-
inChief of the Japanese Forces. On October 14, 1943,
the Japanese-sponsored Philippine Republic with Jose P.
Laurel as the President was inaugurated. The ultimate
source of authority was the Japanese administrator. It was
dissolved on August 17, 1945.

16. 3
What is It
V. THE GOVERNMENT UNDER THE
JAPANESE OCCUPATION
When the World War II ended, the Philippines was
emancipated from the clutch of the dominion of the
Japanese. The Filipinos gained independence and started
to elect own leaders of the Republic.

17. 3
What is It
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE PRESIDENTS OF
THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES.
1. Emilio Aguinaldo (1898-1901) - The first
President of the Philippines. He led the
Filipinos in fighting against the Spaniards and
the Americans.

18. 3
What is It
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE PRESIDENTS OF
THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES.
2. Manuel L. Quezon (1935-1944) - The first
Senate President elected as President of the
Philippines. First elected in a national election.
He made Tagalog as the national language of
the Philippines.

19. 3
What is It
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE PRESIDENTS OF
THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES.
3. Jose P. Laurel (1943-1945) - The President
of the Philippines during the Japanese
occupation in World War II.

20. 3
What is It
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE PRESIDENTS OF
THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES.
4. Sergio Osmena ( 1944-1946) - He was the
oldest President at 65 to hold office. He
rehabilitated the Philippine National Bank, and
the Philippines joined the International
Monetary Fund.

21. 3
What is It
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE PRESIDENTS OF
THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES.
5. Manuel Roxas (1946-1948) - The first
President of the Third Republic and during his
administration the Philippines started
reconstructing war damages. A military
assistance pact was signed in 1947 granting the
United States a 99- year lease on designated
military bases in the country.

22. 3
What is It
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE PRESIDENTS OF
THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES.
6. Elpidio Quirino (1948-1953) - Vice
President Quirino ascended to the presidency
when Roxas died in 1948. He ran for president
in his own right in 1949 winning a four-year
term. He served as the second President of the
Third Republic. Noted with the two objectives
of his administration which were the economic
Reconstruction and Restoration of people’s
trust. He created rural banks.

23. 3
What is It
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE PRESIDENTS OF
THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES.
7. Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957) - He
succeeded Quirino but was not able to finish
his term as he died in a plane crash on March
17, 1957. he was immensely popular with the
ordinary people.

24. 3
What is It
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE PRESIDENTS OF
THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES.
8. Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961) - The 4th
President of the Third Republic who was
known for his Filipino First policy. He also
implemented cultural revival and economic
nationalism.

25. 3
What is It
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE PRESIDENTS OF
THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES.
9. Diosdado Macapagal (1961- 1965) - He
succeeded Garcia. His administration was
known for its socio-economic programs, the
abolition of tenancy and the establishment of
Land bank. He sought relations with
neighboring Asian countries. He changed the
celebration of independence from July 4 to
June 12.

26. 3
What is It
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE PRESIDENTS OF
THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES.
10.Ferdinand Marcos (1965-1986) - He
became President in 1965 and was reelected in
1969. Marco declared Martial law on
September 21, 1972, by proclamation No.
1081. Marcos by virtue of Presidential Decrees
curtailed press freedom, closed down Congress
and media establishments. Opposition leaders
and militant activists were arrested including
his critic Senator Benigno Aquino Jr.

27. 3
What is It
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE PRESIDENTS OF
THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES.
11.Corazon Aquino (1986-1992) - She became
the first woman President in Asia. She lacked
political experience, but she survived seven
attempted coup attempts. She was responsible
for the restoration of democratic processes
and institutions in the Philippines. The
members of the Philippine Senate in 1991
rejected the treaty that would have allowed a
10-year extension of the U.S. military bases in

28. 3
What is It
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE PRESIDENTS OF
THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES.
12. Fidel Ramos (1992-1998) - He declared
national reconciliation and was known for his
program the “Philippines 2000” where he
attempted to make the Philippines as a “Tiger
Economy of Asia”. During his administration,
capital punishment was re-imposed.

29. 3
What is It
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE PRESIDENTS OF
THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES.
13.Joseph Estrada (1998-2000) - He became
President by a landslide victory in 1998. He
was removed from office on January 20, 2001
by EDSA Revolution 2 because of the
controversial impeachment trial against him.
He was tried and convicted for plunder and
spent six years in prison but given Presidential
pardon by his successor Gloria M. Arroyo, his
former Vice President.

30. 3
What is It
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE PRESIDENTS OF
THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES.
14. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001-2010) -
The daughter of the late President Diosdado
Macapagal. She has the vision of “Sugpuin ang
Kahirapan”. Her nineyear administration was
marked with issues like cheating in the
Presidential election, poverty, Expanded VAT
Law, fertilizer scam, Jueteng, and ZTE scandal.

31. 3
What is It
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE PRESIDENTS OF
THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES.
15. Benigno Aquino III (2010-2016) - The
son of former President Cory Aquino and
hero Ninoy Aquino. He ascended to
presidency in 2010 elections.

32. 3
What is It
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE PRESIDENTS OF
THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES.
15. Rodrigo Roa Duterte- He initiated liberal
economic reforms, including reforming the country's tax
system. He also established freedom of information
under the executive branch to eliminate corruption and
red tape. Additionally, he granted free irrigation to small
farmers and liberalized rice imports with the Rice
Tariffication Law.

33. 3
What is It
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE PRESIDENTS OF
THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES.
16. Ferdinand “Bongbong” Marcos

34. 3