Third International Workshop on Design in Civil and Environmental Engineering, August 21-23, 2014, DTU

1. “SustainabilityConcepts
in the Design of High-rise Buildings: the Case of DiagridSystems”
MSc Giulia Milana;PhD, PE Konstantinos Gkoumas;Phd, PE, Professor Franco Bontempi
Third InternationalWorkshop on Design
in Civiland EnvironmentalEngineering(DCEE 3)
22-23 August 2014 COPENHAGEN

2. CONCEPTUAL MAP
“Sustainabilityconceptsin the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 2
IMPROVED MODEL
Weight
&
Periods
U.L.S.
(Pushover)
ANALYSES
S.L.S.
(Disp.)
COMPARISON
60°
75°
42°
Outrigger
Diagrid
STRUCTURAL MODELING
SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainabilityin structures
INTRODUCTION
From http://www.fosterandpartners.com
From http://www.wikipedia.com

3. SUSTAINABILITY
DEFINITION
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:
“Development thatmeetsthe needsof the present
withoutcompromisingthe abilityof future generationsto meettheirownneeds.”
(BrundtlandCommission)
SUSTAINABILITY
SOCIAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
ECONOMIC
“Sustainabilityconceptsin the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 3

4. SUSTAINABILITY
STEEL
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
STRUCTURES
Material
Used
Resource
Efficient
Site
Planning
Non
Pollution
Energy
Efficient
Structural
Scheme
Steel Material
•40% of resources from recycling
•Manufacturing process with controlled environmental impact
•Material durability
•High recycling rate
ConstuctionPhase
•prefabrication/ offsite manufacture
Design and Service Life
•Weight reduction of structure
•Creation of versatile spaces
•Longevity and robustness of steel components
•Simple incorporation of renewable energy generation systems
End of Life
•Easy dismantling
•Reusability/Reciclability
Adaptedfrom Arcelormittal
“Sustainabilityconceptsin the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 4

5. SUSTAINABILITY
EVOLUTIONOFSTRUCTURALSYSTEMS
INTERIOR STRUCTURE
EXTERIOR STRUCTURE
Outrigger Structure
DiagridStructure
“Sustainabilityconceptsin the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 5

6. STRUCTURAL MODELING
STRUCTURESSTUDIED
Outrigger Structure
DiagridStructures
42°
60°
75°
160 m
36 m
“Sustainabilityconceptsin the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 6

7. STRUCTURAL MODELING
STRUCTURES
Original Stucture:
Outrigger
Improved Stucture:
Diagrid
Perimetral
Structure
Internal
Structure
“Sustainabilityconceptsin the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 7

8. WEIGHT AND PERIOD
COMPARISONWEIGHT
SLS
Dead
Gk
Tamp
Qk
Qn
W+X
W-X
W+Y
W-Y
COMB5
1
1
1
0,7
0,5
1
-
-
-
COMB6
1
1
1
0,7
0,5
-
1
-
-
COMB7
1
1
1
0,7
0,5
-
-
1
-
COMB8
1
1
1
0,7
0,5
-
-
-
1
ULS
Dead
Gk
Tamp
Qk
Qn
W+X
W-X
W+Y
W-Y
COMB5
1,3
1,3
1,3
1,05
0,75
1,5
-
-
-
COMB6
1,3
1,3
1,3
1,05
0,75
-
1,5
-
-
COMB7
1,3
1,3
1,3
1,05
0,75
-
-
1,5
-
COMB8
1,3
1,3
1,3
1,05
0,75
-
-
-
1,5
Acronym
Description
Colour
Outrigger
Outrigger Structure
Diagrid42°
DiagridStructure
with inclination of diagonal members of 42°
Diagrid60°
DiagridStructure
with inclination of diagonal members of 60°
Diagrid75°
DiagridStructure
with inclination of diagonal members of 75°
Outrigger
Diagrid
42°
Diagrid
60°
Diagrid
75°
P
(ton)
8052
6523
5931
5389
Saving
(%)
-
19
26
33
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
P (ton)
Weight
“Sustainabilityconceptsin the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 8

9. VERIFICATIONS
STRUCTURESANDCOMBINATIONS
SLS
Dead
Gk
Tamp
Qk
Qn
W+X
W-X
W+Y
W-Y
COMB5
1
1
1
0,7
0,5
1
-
-
-
COMB6
1
1
1
0,7
0,5
-
1
-
-
COMB7
1
1
1
0,7
0,5
-
-
1
-
COMB8
1
1
1
0,7
0,5
-
-
-
1
HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT
COMB
Outrigger
Diagrid42°
Diagrid60°
Diagrid75°
Acronym
Description
Colour
Outrigger
Outrigger Structure
Diagrid42°
DiagridStructure
with inclination of diagonal members of 42°
Diagrid60°
DiagridStructure
with inclination of diagonal members of 60°
Diagrid75°
DiagridStructure
with inclination of diagonal members of 75°
“Sustainabilityconceptsin the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 9

10. SLS: HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENTS
S.L.S.: COMPARISONDISPLACEMENTS
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0
16
32
48
64
80
96
112
128
144
160
U1 (m)
Z (m)
HorizontalDisplacementsOutrigger
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0
16
32
48
64
80
96
112
128
144
160
U1 (m)
Z (m)
HorizontalDisplacementsDiagrid42°
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0
16
32
48
64
80
96
112
128
144
160
U1 (m)
Z (m)
HorizontalDisplacementsDiagrid60°
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0
16
32
48
64
80
96
112
128
144
160
U1 (m)
Z (m)
HorizontalDisplacementsDiagrid75°
“Sustainabilityconceptsin the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 10

11. VERIFICATIONS
STRUCTURESANDCOMBINATIONS
ULS
Dead
Gk
Tamp
Qk
Qn
W+X
W-X
W+Y
W-Y
DEAD
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
VERT
1
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
+STATICPUSHOVER FORCES
PUSHOVER
DEAD
VERT
Outrigger
Diagrid42°
Diagrid60°
Diagrid75°
Acronym
Description
Colour
Outrigger
Outrigger Structure
Diagrid42°
DiagridStructure
with inclination of diagonal members of 42°
Diagrid60°
DiagridStructure
with inclination of diagonal members of 60°
Diagrid75°
DiagridStructure
with inclination of diagonal members of 75°
“Sustainabilityconceptsin the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 11

12. 0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
F (kN)
U1 (m)
Pushover
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
U1 (m)
Pushover+Vert
Outrigger
Diagrid 42°
Diagrid 60°
Diagrid 75°
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
U1 (m)
Pushover+Dead
ULS: PUSHOVER
U.L.S.: COMPARISONCAPACITYCURVES
DEAD
VERT
“Sustainabilityconceptsin the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 12

13. CHOICE OF IMPROVED MODEL
DEFINITIONOFSIGNIFICANTFEATURES
R=Fmax: Strength
K=Fy/Dy: Stiffness
m=Dmax/Dy: Ductility
“Sustainabilityconceptsin the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 13

14. Outrigger
Diagrid42°
Diagrid60°
Diagrid75°
Pushover+Vert
Pushover+Vert
Pushover+Vert
Pushover+Vert
Strength
(R)
94775
110185
104972
97131
Stiffness
(K)
77143
80615
71306
60897
Ductility
(m)
1,535
3,587
5,681
2,564
Weight
(P)
8052
6523
5931
5389
CHOICE OF IMPROVED MODEL
COMPARISONOFMECHANICALPROPERTIES
Weighted average of the significant features
Eq.
4,20
5,97
7,25
5,08
“Sustainabilityconceptsin the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 14

15. 0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
R/R0
K/K0
m/m0
1,2 ((P0-P)/P0+1)
Pushover+Vert
Outrigger
Diagrid 42°
Diagrid 60°
Diagrid 75°
CHOICE OF IMPROVED MODEL
COMPARISONOFMECHANICALPROPERTIES
“Sustainabilityconceptsin the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 15

16. 0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
F (kN)
U1 (m)
Pushover+Vert
Step11
Step16
Step39
Step47
Step55
DEVELOPMENT PLASTIC HINGES
DIAGRID60°: PUSHOVER+VERT(YZ SECTIONS)
Step 47
Step 55
Step 39
Step 11
VERT
“Sustainabilityconceptsin the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 16

17. CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Considering the impact the construction industry has on the environment, it is very important to investigate sustainable solutions
CONCLUSIONS
Diagrid structures allow a considerable saving of material compared to more traditional structural schemes such as outrigger structures and guarantee a better performance in terms of strenght, stiffness and ductility.
Among the diagrid structures considered the one with the best overall behavior results to be the one with 60°diagonal element inclination
LIMITATIONS
Dynamic analyses should be performed in the future for both the serviceability and safety assessment, considering more appropriate loading scenarios.
The defined performance equation is calibrated with specific coefficient values that highlight the sustainability aspect.
“Sustainabilityconceptsin the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 17

18. END
Giulia Milana, MSc giuliamilana@live.it
Konstantinos Gkoumas, PhD, PE
Franco Bontempi, PhD, PE
web:www.francobontempi.org
www.stronger2012.com