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12 - hormones.pptx
- 3. https://byjus.com/biology/difference-between-secretion-and-excretion/ https://byjus.com/question-answer/answer-the-following-questions-1-why-pancreas-is-called-mixed-gland-2-what-is-function/ https://biochem.zsmu.zp.ua/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Biochemistry-of-hormones.pdf Mixed Glands Mucous glands are involved in the production of mucus, a viscid (sticky) glycoprotein. Mixed glands are comprised of both serous and mucous glands and secrete a mixed substance containing both serous fluid and mucus. Since the pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions, it is therefore a mixed gland. Its endocrine secretions are the hormones insulin and glucagon. Exocrine function is related to synthesis of digestive enzymes.
- 4. Hormones The word "hormone" is coming from the Greek participle ὁρμῶν, [hormos] "setting in motion"
- 5. Hormones https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracrine_signaling https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22464-hormones#:~:text=Hormones%20are%20chemicals%20that%20coordinate,for%20life%20and%20your%20health. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Chemistry_for_Changing_Times_(Hill_and_McCreary)/18%3A_Drugs/18.05%3A_Hormones_- _The_Regulators#:~:text=Hormones%20are%20chemical%20messengers%20that,which%20is%20also%20a%20steroid. https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Anatomy_and_Physiology_1e_(OpenStax)/Unit_3%3A_Regulation_Integration_and_Control/17%3A_The_Endocrine_System/17.02%3A_Hormones https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Anatomy_and_Physiology_(Boundless)/15%3A_Endocrine_System/15.2%3A_Hormones paracrine endocrine Whereas endocrine factors (hormones) travel through the blood to exert their effects, paracrine factors are secreted into the immediate spaces around the cell producing them
- 10. Pituitary gland is also known as Hypophysis.
- 11. Somatostatin , also known as GHIH (Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone) or SRIF ( Somatotropin Release-Inhibiting Factor), is a growth hormone inhibiting protein hormone . It exists in two active forms, produced by an alternative cleavage of the same pre-protein: one of 14 amino acids , another of 28 amino acids. Somatostatin
- 13. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_hormone Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin (STG), also known as human growth hormone (hGH or HGH) in its human form, is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration in humans and other animals.
- 17. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/prolactin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin
- 21. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) helps regulate the amount of water in your body. It works to control the amount of water your kidneys reabsorb as they filter out waste from your blood. This hormone is also called arginine vasopressin (AVP).
- 22. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/23334-pineal- gland#:~:text=Your%20pineal%20gland%2C%20also%20called,and%20secretes%20the%20hormone%20melatonin. Pineal gland is also called the pineal body or Epiphysis cerebri
- 23. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymosin https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/thymosin The organ is called “thymus” because its shape resembles that of a thyme leaf. Thymus vulgaris (garden thyme)
- 26. 3-Iodotyrosine Diiodotyrosine T3 (triiodotironin) T4 ( tetraiodotirinin)
- 31. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_corticosteroids •11-Dehydrocorticosterone (11-oxocorticosterone, 17-deoxycortisone) = 21-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,11,20-trione •11-Deoxycorticosterone (deoxycortone, desoxycortone; 21-hydroxyprogesterone) = 21-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione •11-Deoxycortisol (cortodoxone, cortexolone) = 17α,21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione •11-Ketoprogesterone (11-oxoprogesterone; Ketogestin) = pregn-4-ene-3,11,20-trione •11β-Hydroxypregnenolone = 3β,11β-dihydroxypregn-5-en-20-one [1] •11β-Hydroxyprogesterone (21-deoxycorticosterone) = 11β-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione •11β,17α,21-Trihydroxypregnenolone = 3β,11β,17α,21-tetrahydroxypregn-5-en-20-one [2] •17α,21-Dihydroxypregnenolone = 3β,17α,21-trihydroxypregn-5-en-20-one [3] •17α-Hydroxypregnenolone = 3β,17α-dihydroxypregn-5-en-20-one •17α-Hydroxyprogesterone = 17α-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,11,20-trione •18-Hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone = 18,21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione [4] •18-Hydroxycorticosterone = 11β,18,21-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione •18-Hydroxyprogesterone = 18-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione [5] •21-Deoxycortisol = 11β,17α-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, •21-Deoxycortisone = 17α-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,11,20-trione •21-Hydroxypregnenolone (prebediolone) = 3β,21-dihydroxypregn-5-en-20-one •Aldosterone = 11β,21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,18,20-trione •Corticosterone (17-deoxycortisol) = 11β,21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione •Cortisol (hydrocortisone) = 11β,17α,21-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione •Cortisone = 17α,21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,11,20-trione •Pregnenolone = pregn-5-en-3β-ol-20-one •Progesterone = pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione Natural corticosteroids
- 33. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/pancreatic-hormone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghrelin https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Anatomy_and_Physiology_II_(Lumen)/03%3A_Module_1-_The_Endocrine_System/3.10%3A_The_Endocrine_Pancreas https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon_cell#:~:text=Epsilon%20cells%20(%CE%B5%2Dcells),1%25%20of%20all%20islet%20cells. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_islets https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_Biology_(Kimball)/15%3A_The_Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/15.06%3A_Hormones/15.6.01%3A_Human_Hormones/15.6.1.03%3A_Hormones_of_the_Pancreas https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK30/ The production of pancreatic hormones, includes: insulin (beta-cells or β-cells), somatostatin and gastrin (delta-cells or δ–cells ), glucagon (alpha-cells or α-cells), pancreatic polypeptide (PP-cells) and ghrelin or lenomorelin or "hunger hormone“ (epsilon-cells or ε-cells). It plays an important role in maintaining sugar and salt balance in human organism, such as like the digestion regulation, etc.
- 35. Other Pancreatic Hormones Gastrin stimulates gastric secretion. Its concentration changes throughout the day. After eating, the concentration of gastrin increases by 1.5-2 times. The synthesis of gastrin is stimulated by a decrease in the level of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Determination of gastrin levels is used in the diagnosis and monitoring of the treatment of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, or gastrinoma, in which 2/3 of patients have a 10-fold increase in fasting serum gastrin levels (> 1000 pg / ml). The action of somatostatin in the digestive system is to suppress the secretion of gastrin, insulin, glucagon, and digestive enzymes. It also inhibits the secretory activity of other organs of the gastrointestinal tract. Pancreatic polypeptide is a polypeptide secreted by PP cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. It consists of 36 amino acid residues and has a molecular weight of 4200 Da. It is a cholecystokinin antagonist. Suppresses the secretion of the pancreas and the secretion of gastric juice. In the blood serum on an empty stomach, its content is about 80 pg / ml in the norm. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_polypeptide
- 36. The steroid hormones are synthesized in the adrenal cortex, the gonads, and the placenta; are all derived from cholesterol and many are of clinical importance. Steroid hormones are synthesized in the mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid_hormone
- 39. Paracrine hormones https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5864293/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2942809/#:~:text=Serotonin%20i s%20synthesized%20in%20serotonergic,barrier%5B1%2C24%5D. Serotonin Biochemically, the indoleamine molecule derives from the amino acid tryptophan, via the (rate-limiting) hydroxylation of the 5 position on the ring (forming the intermediate 5- hydroxytryptophan), and then decarboxylation to produce serotonin Serotonin is synthesized in serotonergic terminals from Trp, which competes with tyrosine and the branched chain amino acids for transport across the blood-brain barrier Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine is synthesized in differnt tisues: in serotonergic neurons of the CNS, specifically in the brainstem's raphe nuclei, the skin's Merkel cells, pulmonary neuroendocrine cells and the tongue's taste receptor cells. as monoamine neurotransmitter, where it has various functions, including the regulation of mood, appetite, sleep, cognition, reward, learning, memory, etc. (about 8%) The main consistence of serotonin is produces is in the gastrointestinal tract's enterochromaffin cells, where it regulates intestinal movements for regulation of digestion, vomiting etc. (about 90%) it's stored in blood platelets and is released during agitation and vasoconstriction, where it then acts as an agonist to other platelets. (about 1-2% )