Muslim rule in India lasted from 712 to 1857 CE and was divided into two periods - an early inconsistent period from 712-1206 CE, followed by a consistent period from 1206-1857 CE. The consistent period was further divided into the Sultanate period (1206-1526 CE), consisting of the Slave, Khilji, Tughlaq, Sayyid and Lodhi dynasties, and the Mughal period (1526-1857 CE) under the Mughal dynasty until the British established control in India.

1. I. Muslim Rule and Heritage in
India (712-1857)

2. Outline
• Introduction
• Inconsistent Muslim Rule (712-1206)
• Consistent Muslim Rule (1206-1857)
– Sultanat Period (1206-1526)
– Mughal Period (1526-1857)
• Conclusion

3. Introduction
• Muslims arrived in the subcontinent at the
beginning of 8th Century.
• Muslims captured Sindh and established its
rule.
• Muslims rulers included Muhammad Bin
Qasim, Mahmood Ghaznavi and Muhammad
Ghore in the first phase of inconsistent Muslim
rule.

4. Introduction
• It was followed consistent Muslim rule from
1206 to 1857.
• It is divided into Sultanate and Mughal period
spread over six hundred and fifty years.
• Therefore Muslims ruled the subcontinent for
650 years as against 1000 years mostly
mentioned in the text books.

5. Inconsistent Muslim Rule (712-1206)
• Almost 500 year and there are three key rulers
during this period.
• Muhammad Bin Qasim (712-715) followed by a
gap of almost 300 years.
• Mahmood Ghaznavi (998-1030) who was an
invader than the ruler of subcontinent. He is
famous for 17 invasions. Somnat temple was
dismantled by him.
• Some would say he did it for the cause of
Muslims others would say he was a looter.

6. Inconsistent Muslim Rule (712-1206)
• There is a gap of almost 200 years with the
next invader and ruler who is Muhammad
Ghori (1192-1206).
• He defeated Pritve Raj Chohan
• He would invade the capital Delhi and
establish Muslim rule in the subcontinent in
the real sense of the word.
• He died immediately and replaced by his slave
as he had no son to succeed him.

7. Consistent Muslim Rule (1206-1857)
• It is divided into Sultanat and Mughal period.
• Sultanate period started in 1206 and continued
upto 1526.
• It is divided into five dynasties which are as
under.
• Slave Dynasty (1206-90) Qutbuddin Aibak
was its first ruler.

8. Slave Dynasty (1206-90)
• The Indian slave dynasty lasted from 1206 to
1290.
• The slave dynasty was the first Muslim
dynasty to rule India. It was founded by Sultan
Qutbuddin Aibak.
• It is said that Muhammad Ghori did not have a
natural heir to the throne and he the habit of
treating his slaves like his own children.

9. Slave Dynasty (1206-90)
• Thus after the death of Ghori, one of the most
able slaves by the name of Qutub-ud-din Aibak
descended the throne.
• The history of the slave dynasty begins with
the rule of Qutub-ud-din Aibak.
• Qutb-ud-din Aibak, Shams-ud-din Iltutmush
and Ghiyas-ud-din Balban were the three great
Sultans of the era.

10. Slave Dynasty (1206-90)
• The first ruler of the slave dynasty was Qutub-
ud-din Aibak who ruled from 1206 to 1210.
• He established his capital at two places, first at
Lahore and then shifted it to Delhi.
• It was during his reign that the construction of
the famous Qutub Minar was started.
• He could rule for a very short time as he died
in an accident in 1210.

11. Slave Dynasty (1206-90)
• He was succeeded by his son Aram Shah but
due to his incompetence, he was defeated in
just one year by Iltumish.
• After Aram Shah, the next able ruler was
Iltumish. He ruled from 1211 to 1236.
• Under his strong governance, the slave dynasty
was able to find a strong footing and establish
itself as an important kingdom.

12. Slave Dynasty (1206-90)
• The army was organized efficiently under
Iltumish and he also introduced a coin
currency known as Tanka.
• It was in his reign that the construction of
Qutub Minar was completed.
• After ruling successfully for a period of 25
years, he died, but nominated his daughter
Raziya Sultan as the heir to the throne.

13. Slave Dynasty (1206-90)
• She was an able ruler, but since she was a
woman, she faced stern opposition from nobles
who got her murdered.
• The last effective emperor of the slave dynasty
was Ghiyasuddin Balban. He ruled from 1266
to 1286.
• During his reign, the administration was
strengthened and he paid much attention to
governance in his empire.

14. Slave Dynasty (1206-90)
• The army was trained effectively to use
weapons and the production of arms and other
war weaponry was at its peak.
• This is what helped them fight against the
Mongols. Balban’s court was one of the finest
during the Sultanate period, and it was a
platform for poets and artists.

15. Slave Dynasty (1206-90)
• Balban was very particular about dignity, he
would always appear in his full dress even in
front of his private attendants.
• He removed people from humble backgrounds
from important posts as he wished to give his
court and administration a more polished look.

16. Slave Dynasty (1206-90)
• He may not have extended the empire, or made
radical improvements in administration, but he
made the important contribution of setting the
groundwork for a strong king to take the
Sultanate to even higher standards.
• His death marked the end of the Slave Dynasty
for his successor was weak and was soon
overthrown by Jalal-ud-din Khilji.

17. Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320)
• Jalal-ud-din Khilji overthrew Balban’s
successors and founded the Khilji Dynasty,
which ruled large parts of South Asia between
1290 and 1320.
• From 1296 AD to 1316 AD Alauddin Khilji
dominated the Delhi sultanate with many
courageous achievements.

18. Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320)
• Soon after becoming the Sultan of Delhi Alauddin
Khilji in 1297 AD went out to win over the
various parts of Gujarat state.
• Ala- ud-din also was able to implement startling
economic reforms, although their effects were
probably restricted to Delhi and the 100 mile
radius around it.
• Nevertheless this was truly creditable for he
achieved what modern governments in India have
not completely achieved.

19. Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320)
• Ala-ud-din re-organized the market so that there
were fixed prices which were affordable, he
developed warehousing facilities to ensure ready
stock of goods, the government entered the
business of transportation and provided facilities
for the swift movement of goods.
• Alauddin’s reign is marked by innovative
administrative and revenue reforms, market
control regulations and a whirlwind period of
conquests.

20. Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320)
• It is considered the golden period of the Khalji
rule.
• However, before the death of Alauddin, his
house was divided into two camps.
• This resulted in the ultimate collapse of the
Khalji dynasty. He died on January 1316 due
to an acute health condition.

21. Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1414)
• The Tughlaq dynasty was a Turko-Indian
dynasty, which ruled Delhi during the
Sultanate period.
• The Tughlaqs provided three important rulers:
Ghiyath-ud-din Tughlaq, Muhammad-bin-
Tughlaq and Firuz Shah Tughlaq.
• Reign of the dynasty started in 1321 when
Ghazi Malik assumed the throne of Delhi
under the title of Ghiyath-ud-din Tughlaq.

22. Syed Dynasty (1414-1451)
• Khizar Khan, the founder of the Saiyids
Dynasty, claimed to be a descendent of the
Prophet of Islam, Hadrat Muhammad (S. A.
W.).
• Thus his established rule is known as the
Saiyids Dynasty.
• His son Mubarik Shah succeeded Khizar.
Unlike his father, Mubarik declared himself
Sultan.

23. Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526)
• Although it was the last of the ruling families
of Sultanate period it had a greater life span
than the Khiljis and had better achievements
than the later Tughlaqs and Sayyids.
• Rule of this dynasty started when Bahlul
Lodhi.
• After his death on July 17, 1489, his second
son Sikandar Lodhi and became the next
sultan. Abrahim lodi beeinng the last one.

24. Consistent Muslim Rule (1206-1857)
• Mughal Period is having two dynasties.
• Mughal Dynasty (1526-1857)
• Sur Dynasty (1540-1555)
• Zaheerudeen Babur (1526-30)
• Hamayun (1530-40) (1555-56)

25. Consistent Muslim Rule (1206-1857)
• Akhbar (1556-1605)
• Jahangir (1605-1627)
• Shah Jahan (1627-1558)
• Aurangzab Alamagir (1558-1707)
• Decline of Mughal Period (1707-1857)
• Greater Mughal and later Mughal

26. Conclusion
• It is concluded that Muslim ruled the
subcontinent for 650 years.
• Before that there have been three
rulers/invaders which is termed as inconsistent
Muslim rule.
• Muslim rule was replaced by the British rule as
East India company came to the subcontinent
for trading purposes.