Presentation 1.8 Surveillance and animal health monitoring, early detection of diseases (Mr Shuaib T. Muhammad)
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http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/28b6bd62-5433-4fad-b5a1-8ac61eb671b1/ FAO Second International Technical Seminar/Workshop on Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) There is a way forward! FAO Technical Cooperation Programme: TCP/INT/3501 and TCP/INT/3502.
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Presentation 1.8 Surveillance and animal health monitoring, early detection of diseases (Mr Shuaib T. Muhammad)
- 1. Surveillance and Animal health monitoring - Early detection of diseases Shuaib T Muhammed shuaib@naqua.com.sa
- 2. Animal Health Animals PathogenEnvironment Disease outbreak is often the result of an equation of three components, the animal, the pathogen and the environment Health of DISEASE Condition of presence of
- 3. Primary and secondary pathogens • A primary pathogen is a virus, bacteria, fungi, that cause disease by themselves. • Secondary are those only can cause disease when there is a primary cause such as physiological/environmental condition or a primary pathogen.
- 4. WSSV outbreaks • Consecutive massive mortality due to WSSV outbreaks • Peneaus indicus - highly susceptible to WSSV • WSSV became endemic in KSA ( wild crustacean were also tested WSSV positive) • The industry was unable to produce shrimp reliably. • Led to introduction of SPF Penaeus vannamei from Ecuador 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 2010 2011 2012 2013 Production Year Production loss due to WSSV in KSA (Penaeus indicus )
- 5. • Early detection of primary endemic diseases to minimize their economic impact. • Detection of exotic pathogens which are emerging or posses higher risk like AHPND, EHP etc; Surveillance program Animal Health monitoring • Early detection of diseases caused by secondary pathogen and deviation from optimum productivity
- 6. Health Management Tools Surveillance • PCR • Histology Animal Health monitoring • Culture parameters • Macroscopic observations • Wet mounts
- 7. Pathogens covered in the surveillance • Primary endemic pathogens – WSSV – TSV – BP Frequency of sampling is based on : 1. Economic impact of disease 2. Type of rearing conditions (indoor or outdoor) 3. Weather conditions as low temperature posses a risk factor for WSSV. • Exotic pathogens – AHPND – IHHNV – IMNV – TSV – YHV – NHP – CMNV – EHP – MBV and – HPV
- 8. SPF status monitoring • SPF status monitoring for Penaeus vannamei * To remove IHHNV insertions from the stock. Process Target sample Target pathogen Frequency Diagnostic method Broodstock : SPF program Broodstock after spawning IHHNV* 100% PCR All 100% Histology Juveniles (cold challenge) WSSV, IHHNV, BP, NHP, MBV, HPV, AHPND, EHP, TSV, IMNV, YHV, CMNV Once per batch (150 animals) PCR All Once per batch Histology
- 9. Broodstock and PL surveillance Process Target sample Target pathogen Frequency Diagnostic method Broodstock Routine All Fortnightly AHM & wet mount and histology Clinical signs All N/A Histology Broodstock for maturation 100% All Individual selection AHM Broodstock @ maturation Standard mortalities WSSV 100% PCR Clinical signs All N/A Histology Artemia biomass Routine WSSV, IHHNV, AHPND, EHP Every batch PCR Larval production Routine All Weekly AHM & wet mount Routine (cold challenge) WSSV 100% PCR Algae and artemia Vibrios (green colonies – TCBS) weekly Microbiology
- 10. Nurseries and Grow out ponds Process Culture period Target sample Target pathogen frequency Diagnostic method Nursery and Grow out ponds Summer Routine (cold challenge*) WSSV 100% (before transfer) PCR All Monthly AHM & wet mount** Clinical signs WSSV N/A Rapid field test/PCR All N/A AHM & wet mount AHPND HP tubular constriction PCR All N/A Histology * Cold challenge is only for nursery juveniles (in summer) **During winter culture all the nurseries and grow out ponds are monitored fortnightly
- 11. Wild crustacean Location Animal stage Target sample Target pathogen Frequency Diganostic method Zooplankton Routine WSSV Monthly PCR Shrimps/crabs Routine WSSV Monthly PCR Wild crustacean (farms,canals, intakes) Location Target sample Target pathogen Frequency Diagnostic method Main feeder canals, sub feeder canals and intakes Crabs, shrimps and zooplankton WSV and TSV (only shrimp) Monthly (summer) Fortnightly (winter) PCR Local fish markets Shrimps from different countries WSSV, TSV, IHHNV, NHP, ANPND, EHP, MBV and HPV Monthly PCR Local fishing boat (wild catch) Shrimps WSSV, TSV, AHPND, EHP Monthly PCRCrab WSSV Filter feeder TSV, AHPND
- 12. Trainings and Simulation • Regular trainings on animal health monitoring and sample preparation to production team • Simulation exercise every year per production units
- 13. Prevalence table
- 14. Target sampling is essential!! Very crucial part of analysis Weak animals are the best sample Wrong samples = wrong information = wrong decisions
- 15. Lethargic/Symptomatic animals : Near Pond dike/Check trays Easy way to find weak animals from a suspect ponds
- 16. Animal Health Monitoring Process Flow Surveillance Program Production data (performance, water and soil quality) Animal Health Monitoring Program Batches with abnormalities/poor performance MUST be prioritized
- 17. Indication of health status in a pond!!
- 18. Animal Health Macroscopic Observations – Nurseries and GO Bird activity Best indication of abnormalities in the pond
- 19. Animal Health Macroscopic Observations – Nurseries and GO Pond Normal Normal
- 20. Animal Health Macroscopic Observations – Nurseries and GO Pond : abnormal Plankton blooms & inadequate pond preparation
- 21. Possible causes • Inadequate pond preparation • Inlet filtration problems Possible problems • Increased FCR • Predation (PL) • Risk of microsporidia infection • Attracts birds Mitigation measures • Proper pond preparation • Application of Tea seed powder • Proper usage of bag nets Presence of crabs/Snails/fishes in culture ponds
- 22. Fish + PL happa trial results Affect of fish population in survival of P. vannamei during the early stage Duration of the trial : 24 hours H1: 200 PL +5 Fish (with feeding) Survival:24% H2: 200 PL +5 Fish (no feeding) Survival:10% H3: 200 PL +no Fish (with feeding) Survival:93% Data obtained from NAQUA farms
- 23. Animal Health Macroscopic Observations Possible causes • Disease reasons like WSSV Mitigation measures • Increase frequency of monitoring • Contingency if infection
- 24. Body coloration Animal Health Macroscopic Observations Normal Abnormal Possible causes • Viral, Bacterial infection • Microsporidia infection
- 26. Animal Health Macroscopic Observations Shell Normal Loose shell Possible causes • Disease reasons (HP bacterial infection) • Nutritional (under fed) & Wrong population estimation • Poor pond bottom water quality Mitigation measures • Recalculate feeding • Improve pond bottom water quality • Routine animal health monitoring
- 27. Animal Health Macroscopic Observations Spots on carapace (no diagnostic value) Possible causes • WSSV • Bacterial spots (probiotic) • Water hardness
- 28. Animal Health Macroscopic Observations Gill color Brown gillsNormal Black gills Melanization Conduct aquarium test to find out if it is due to pond bottom or melanization often related to a bacterial infection Possible causes • Poor pond bottom (more algae/organic load) • Excess feeding • Algal bloom • Bacterial infection Possible problems • Open doors to health problems Mitigation measures • Water exchange • Application of lime (small ponds)
- 29. Animal Health Macroscopic Observations Tail Muscle Normal Probable causes • Muscle microsporidian infection • Bacterial infection • IMNV • Muscle cramp Abnormal
- 30. Animal Health Macroscopic Observations Necrosis/melanization Probable causes • Bacterial infection • Chitinolytic/Chitinoblastic activity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Mitigation measures • Application of molasses • Improve water quality
- 31. Uropod reddishness/damage Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 • Quality of the water • Bacterial infection? Animal Health Macroscopic Observations
- 32. Hemolymph clotting test Animal Health Macroscopic Observations Hemolymph clotting time: ~1 to 1.5 min – normal ~1.5 to 2 min – abnormal (vibriosis, TS, WSD, stress)
- 33. Hepatopancreas size Probable causes • Hp bacterial infection • Early mortality syndrome EMS • Poor feeding? Animal Health Macroscopic Observations
- 34. Gill fouling Probable causes • Poor water quality • Poor pond bottom (dead algae/organic load • Algal bloom Possible problems • Open doors to pathogens • Toxicity • Bacterial infection Mitigation measures • Water exchange • Application of lime to thin plankton population Zoothamnium sp Leucothrix sp Animal Health Microscopic Observations Melanization Normal
- 35. HP lipid vacuolization Probable causes • inadequate feeding • Disease reasons Risk mitigation • Recalculate feeding • Routine animal health monitoring High lipids Low lipids Animal Health Microscopic Observations
- 36. HP tubular constriction & Melanization • First sign of toxic effects possibly blue green algae/ NHP / AHPND / Vibriosis Animal Health Microscopic Observations
- 37. Animal Health Microscopic Observations Gut content analysis • Reduced growth • High FCR • Mollusc is an intermediate host of gregarines • Garlic in feed for every two weeks (gregarines) • Egg/Nauplii washing is effective for BP and MBV
- 38. When to increase monitoring?? • Temperature fluctuation? And low temperature • After heavy rain • If there is any disease in farm or neighboring farm
- 39. Remember!!!! • Do not ignore clinical signs! • Can be very expensive because losing opportunity to early detection and control • Could lead to disease outbreaks
- 40. 20590.6 10466.9 4932 652.9 12980 22350 29055 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Production year WSSV P. indicus P. vannamei P indicus vs P vannamei production comparison KSA back in shrimp production!
- 41. Thank you for your attention!