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Understanding Public Policymaking Process
- 1. Understanding Public Policy Fifteenth edition Chapter 3 The Policymaking Process Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
- 2. Modules (1 of 2) • Introduction: The Policymaking Process • 3.1: The Policy Process: How Policies Are Made • 3.2: Problem Identification and Agenda Setting • 3.3: Agenda Setting from the Bottom Up • 3.4: Agenda Setting from the Top Down • 3.5: Agenda Setting: The Mass Media • 3.6: Formulating Policy • 3.7: Interest Groups and Policymaking Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
- 3. Modules (2 of 2) • 3.8: Policy Legitimation: The Proximate Policymakers • 3.9: The Budgetary and Appropriations Processes • 3.10: Policy Implementation: The Bureaucracy • Summary: The Policymaking Process Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
- 4. Learning Objectives (1 of 2) • 3.1: Illustrate the step-by-step sequence of the policymaking process • 3.2: State the importance of problem identification and agenda setting in the policymaking process • 3.3: Identify the American bottom-up approach of policymaking • 3.4: Argue that agenda setting begins informally in corporate boardrooms, social clubs, and discussion groups • 3.5: Analyze the role of the media in creating events and personalities Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
- 5. Learning Objectives (2 of 2) • 3.6: Define the role of think tanks in policy formulation • 3.7: Outline five ways in which interest groups influence government policy • 3.8: Illustrate the formal process by which a bill becomes a law • 3.9: Review the policymaking that occurs in the budgetary and appropriations processes • 3.10: Examine role of the bureaucracy in policy implementation Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
- 6. Introduction: The Policymaking Process • President – chief initiator of policy • Congress- accept, amend, or reject proposal Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
- 7. 3.1: The Policy Process: How Policies Are Made Objective: Illustrate the step-by-step sequence of the policymaking process – Policymaking process – Reality Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
- 8. 3.2: Problem Identification and Agenda Setting Objective: State the importance of problem identification and agenda setting in the policymaking process – Deciding the problem – Reality Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
- 9. 3.3: Agenda Setting from the Bottom Up (1 of 2) Objective: Identify the American bottom-up approach of policymaking • 3.3.1: Public Opinion and Agenda Setting – Media – Policy priority • 3.3.2: The Social Media and Agenda Setting – Social network – Internet Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
- 10. 3.3: Agenda Setting from the Bottom Up (2 of 2) Objective: Identify the American bottom-up approach of policymaking • 3.3.3: Popular Perceptions of Policy Making – Overview – Summary Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
- 11. 3.4: Agenda Setting from the Top Down (1 of 3) Objective: Argue that agenda setting begins informally in corporate boardrooms, social clubs, and discussion groups • 3.4.1: Elite Agenda Setting – Elitist model – G. William Domhoff’s concept • 3.4.2: Political Entrepreneurship – Campaign messages – Policy proposal Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
- 12. 3.4: Agenda Setting from the Top Down (2 of 3) Objective: Argue that agenda setting begins informally in corporate boardrooms, social clubs, and discussion groups • 3.4.3: The President and White House Staff – Overview – Motives of initiator • 3.4.4: Congress and Legislative Staff – Congress – Agenda setters Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
- 13. 3.4: Agenda Setting from the Top Down (3 of 3) Objective: Argue that agenda setting begins informally in corporate boardrooms, social clubs, and discussion groups • 3.4.5: Interest Groups – Overview – Role Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
- 14. Figure 3.1: Where did you get news yesterday Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
- 15. 3.5: Agenda Setting: The Mass Media (1 of 2) Objective: Analyze the role of the media in creating events and personalities • 3.5.1: Media Power – Role – Media people • 3.5.2: Newsmaking – Media attention – Media event Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
- 16. 3.5: Agenda Setting: The Mass Media (2 of 2) Objective: Analyze the role of the media in creating events and personalities • 3.5.3: Media Bias – Selection of topics – Distortion Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
- 17. 3.6: Formulating Policy Objective: Define the role of think tanks in policy formulation • 3.6.1: Think Tanks – Policy-planning organizations – Goal – Influential think tanks Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
- 18. 3.7: Interest Groups and Policymaking Objective: Outline five ways in which interest groups influence government policy • 3.7.1: Lobbying – Influence industry – Top lobbying spenders • 3.7.2: PACs – Task – Legal Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
- 19. 3.8: Policy Legitimation: The Proximate Policymakers (1 of 3) Objective: Illustrate the formal process by which a bill becomes a law • 3.8.1: Formal Lawmaking Process – Policy legitimation – Role of Congress Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
- 20. Figure 3.2: How a Bill Becomes a Law Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
- 21. 3.8: Policy Legitimation: The Proximate Policymakers (2 of 3) Objective: Illustrate the formal process by which a bill becomes a law • 3.8.2: Party Influence – Party vote – Party unity • 3.8.3: Presidential Influence – President – Presidential box score – Veto Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
- 22. 3.8: Policy Legitimation: The Proximate Policymakers (3 of 3) Objective: Illustrate the formal process by which a bill becomes a law • 3.8.4: Constituency Influence – Members of Congress – General idea • 3.8.5: Contributor Influence – Cost of running for Congress – Campaign contributors Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
- 23. 3.9: The Budgetary and Appropriations Processes (1 of 5) Objective: Review the policymaking that occurs in the budgetary and appropriations processes • 3.9.1: OMB—Preparing the Presidential Budget – Overview – OMB function • 3.9.2: House and Senate Budget Committees – Bodies to review president’s budget – Responsibility Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
- 24. 3.9: The Budgetary and Appropriations Processes (2 of 5) Objective: Review the policymaking that occurs in the budgetary and appropriations processes • 3.9.3: Appropriations Acts – Appropriations bill – Authorization • 3.9.4: Appropriations Committees – Function – Subcommittees Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
- 25. 3.9: The Budgetary and Appropriations Processes (3 of 5) Objective: Review the policymaking that occurs in the budgetary and appropriations processes • 3.9.5: Supplemental Appropriations – Unexpected events – President’s role • 3.9.6: Revenue Act – Taxing measures – Independent Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
- 26. 3.9: The Budgetary and Appropriations Processes (4 of 5) Objective: Review the policymaking that occurs in the budgetary and appropriations processes • 3.9.7: Presidential Veto – Veto – Line-item veto • 3.9.8: Continuing Resolutions – Overview – Shutdown Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
- 27. 3.9: The Budgetary and Appropriations Processes (5 of 5) Objective: Review the policymaking that occurs in the budgetary and appropriations processes • 3.9.9: Shutdowns – Overview – Incidence • 3.9.10: Executive Orders – Overview – President Barack Obama Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
- 28. 3.10: Policy Implementation: The Bureaucracy (1 of 3) Objective: Examine role of the bureaucracy in policy implementation • 3.10.1: Implementation and Policy Making – Overview – Role of bureaucracies • 3.10.2: Regulation and Policymaking – Policymaking process – Controversial bureaucratic policies Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
- 29. 3.10: Policy Implementation: The Bureaucracy (2 of 3) Objective: Examine role of the bureaucracy in policy implementation • 3.10.3: Adjudication and Policymaking – Adjudication – Organizations • 3.10.4: Bureaucratic Discretion and Policymaking – Work of bureaucrats – Rules Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
- 30. 3.10: Policy Implementation: The Bureaucracy (3 of 3) Objective: Examine role of the bureaucracy in policy implementation • 3.10.5: Policy Bias of Bureaucrats – Bureaucrats – Bias • 3.10.6: Regulations Are Suffocating America – Regulations – Cost of regulation Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
- 31. Summary: The Policymaking Process • Agenda setting • Policy planning organizations • Role of Congress and the president • Budgetary and appropriations process • Bureaucrats Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Editor's Notes
- Point 1- Policymaking process Six steps Steps overlap and are interlinked Point 2- Reality Processes occur simultaneously Participants engaged in different processes at the same time
- Point 1- Deciding the problem Power to decide Communication to government is open Individuals and groups Point 2- Reality Political tactics Mass media, political candidates, influential individuals, and so on
- 3.3.1: Public Opinion and Agenda Setting Point 1- Media Public attention Greater impact Point 2- Policy priority Opinion polls Economy tops the list 3.3.2: The Social Media and Agenda Setting Point 1- Social network Help set agenda Majority of people online Officials forced to confront issues Point 2- Internet Source of political information Freedom of expression
- 3.3.3: Public Opinion and Agenda Setting Point 1- Overview Government should pay more attention to public views Benefits all people Point 2- Summary Current process is top down Changed to bottom up
- 3.4.1: Elite Agenda Setting Point 1- Elitist model Focuses on role of leaders Perception Point 2- G. William Domhoff’s concept Begins in corporate boardrooms, social clubs, and so forth Ends in government 3.4.2: Political Entrepreneurship Point 1- Campaign messages Favorable image Devoid of specific policy Point 2- Policy proposal Responsibility Policy consistent with campaign message
- 3.4.3: The President and White House Staff Point 1- Overview Initiators of policy proposal Arbiters Point 2- Motives of initiator Build record of success Place in history 3.4.4: Congress and Legislative Staff Point 1- Congress Arbiter Contract with America Point 2- Agenda setters Motives Committee chairs Congressional staffs
- 3.4.5: The President and White House Staff Point 1- Overview Initiate policy proposal Augment Congressional staffs’ work Point 2- Role Bring technical knowledge Political information
- Various sources of news Television remains the major source
- 3.5.1: Media Power Point 1- Role Players Referees Point 2- Media people Editors, anchors, reporters, and so forth Bylines Television images 3.5.2: Newsmaking Point 1- Media attention Creates issues and personalities Provides cues Point 2- Media event Important for success Kinds of media events
- 3.5.3: Media Bias Point 1- Selection of topics Political values Economic interest Liberal issues Point 2- Distortion Capture the attention of people Entertainment
- 3.6.1: Think Tanks Point 1- Policy-planning organizations Coordinating points Influential Point 2- Goal Develop action recommendations Lay groundwork Point 3- Influential think tanks The Brookings Institution The American Enterprise Institute CATO Institute
- 3.7.1: Lobbying Point 1- Influence industry Billion-dollar business Almost $3 billion per year Point 2- Top lobbying spenders US Chamber of Commerce Pharmaceutical, health, insurance industries, and so on 3.7.2: PACs Point 1- Task Solicit and receive funds Distribute funds Point 2- Legal Regulated by Federal Elections Commission Registration of finance and political contributions Example: Operating Engineers Union
- 3.8.1: Media Power Point 1- Policy legitimation Congress Other governmental institutions Point 2- Role of Congress Develop rules and procedures Perceived as obstacle rather than facilitator
- How a bill becomes a law Involves 14 steps
- 3.8.2: Media Power Point 1- Party vote Loyalty Increase in partisanship Point 2- Party unity Support is high More than 80% support 3.8.3: Presidential Influence Point 1- President Policy initiative Sift through policies formulated Point 2- Presidential box score Party control of Congress Successful when Congress controlled by its party Point 3- Veto Important weapon Enhances power
- 3.8.4: Constituency Influence Point 1- Members of Congress Independent minded Public-spirited trustees Point 2- General idea Free to ignore its constituents Home-style politics 3.8.5: Contributor Influence Point 1- Cost of running for Congress Increased heavily Dependency on campaign contributors Point 2- Campaign contributors Corporations, PACs, and so forth Individual donors Face time
- 3.9.1: OMB—Preparing the Presidential Budget Point 1- Overview President has key responsibility OMB develops targets Fiscal year budget Point 2- OMB function Budget review Blue pencil 3.9.2: House and Senate Budget Committees Point 1- Bodies to review president’s budget House and Senate budget committee Congressional Budget Office Point 2- Responsibility First budget resolution Second budget resolution
- 3.9.3: Appropriations Acts Point 1- Appropriations bill Thirteen bills Appropriations committee Point 2- Authorization Establishing government program and amount it may spend Appropriation provides money Obligational authority Outlays 3.9.4: Appropriations Committees Point 1- Function Consideration of specific appropriations measures Both houses Point 2- Subcommittees Ten independent subcommittees Specific appropriations bills
- 3.9.5: Supplemental Appropriations Point 1- Unexpected events Require additional spending Example: Hurricane Katrina Point 2- President’s role Request for additional funding Funds not in appropriations act 3.9.6: Revenue Act Point 1- Taxing measures The House Committee Senate Finance Committee Point 2- Independent History and pride Fragmentation of legislative consideration of budget
- 3.9.7: Presidential Veto Point 1- Veto Power of President Ten days time Point 2- Line-item veto Unconstitutional violation of separation of power Authority to cancel specific spending 3.9.8: Continuing Resolutions Point 1- Overview Additional time to pass appropriations acts Authority to government agencies to spend money Point 2- Shutdown Political combat Operations cease Lack of funds
- 3.9.9: Shutdowns Point 1- Overview Failure of Congress to pass appropriations acts Shutdown of federal agencies Point 2- Incidence 1994 2013 3.9.10: Executive Orders Point 1- Overview Executive power to president Issued since administration of George Washington Point 2- President Barack Obama Dream Act Increase in minimum wage
- 3.10.1: Implementation and Policy Making Point 1- Overview Activities to carry out policies enacted Creation of new organizations Translate laws into operational rules Bureaucrats’ decisions Point 2- Role of bureaucracies Receive broad and general directions Decide on details of policy 3.10.2: Regulation and Policymaking Point 1- Policymaking process Rule making Federal Register Fines and penalties Point 2- Controversial bureaucratic policies Congress slow to act President supports bureaucracy Legislation is blocked
- 3.10.3: Adjudication and Policymaking Point 1- Adjudication Compilation of laws Penalties and corrective actions Point 2- Organizations Federal regulatory agencies Examples: EPA, EEOC Established procedures 3.10.4: Bureaucratic Discretion and Policymaking Point 1- Work of bureaucrats Administrative routine Some discretion Point 2- Rules Individual cases do not fit Different outcomes Example: IRS and tax code
- 3.10.5: Policy Bias of Bureaucrats Point 1- Bureaucrats Believe in value of their program Know importance of task Seek higher pay Job security Power and prestige Point 2- Bias Professional and personal motives Budget maximization 3.10.6: Regulations Are Suffocating America Point 1- Regulations Complex Added cost Point 2- Cost of regulation Paid by consumers, employees, and businesses Invisible to taxpayers