The ongoing growth of human population has led to the accumulation of tons of non-degradable plastic. Therefore, the urge to find prompt solution is a necessity. Herein, a graduation project of undergraduate students from faculty of pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Egypt based on previous research.

2. I. Introduction

3. ҈ About 100 million
marine animals are
killed annually due
to plastic debris !!!
҈ Over 300 million
metric tons of
plastics are produced
annually worldwide,
resulting in what is
known as the
7th continent ...

4. The 7th Continent ‫القارة‬‫السابعة‬
• Northern east of Pacific ocean ...
• 6 times France's area ...
• Expected to increase to be as large as Europe

5. ҈ Entire plastic bags clog animals
digestive tract and the food that is
trapped releases gases that render them
buoyant and starve to death ...
҈ Humans
• Early sexual maturation
• Decreased male fertility
• Increased waist
circumference
• Aggressive behavior
• Insulin resistance
• Obesity & others

6. ҈ Plastics and Environment :
Never decompose, lasts for ever...
Toxic...
Non-renewable...
Hard to reuse...
Difficult to recycle...
Greenhouse gas emissions...

7. ҈ Biodegradable plastics :
 ASTM One in which the “Degradation results from the
action of naturally occurring microorganisms such as bacteria ,
fungi and algae” ...
Completely metabolized into :
• CO2 under aerobic condition
• methane and CO2 under
anaerobic condition

8. ҈ Biodegradable plastic has many advantages
• Less time to break down...
• Renewable...
• Safe for the environment ...
• Require less energy
for production...
• Reduce dependence
fossil fuels ...

9.  Various types of drug delivery system
 Transdermal contraceptive
 Controlled release dosage form..
 Tissue engineering ...
 Meniscus repair ...
 Bone plates ...
 Absorbable Sutures ...
 Heart valve ...
 Nerve conduits …
҈What for ??

10. ҈Yangia sp. ND199
• Hallophilic bacteria (Love SALT)
• Isolated from Nam Dill district in
Northern Vietnam
• Mangrove ecosystem is a saline habitat
rich in organic matters, but deficient in
essential nutrient (nitrogen and
phosphorous )
• Under such conditions Yangia sp. ND199
synthesize plastic as a Physiological
strategy (energy storage )...

11.  Grow at a high salt concentration, so the growth of non-
halophilic M.Os is inhibited
 Thus allowing a process without strict sterile condition,
reducing costs required for sterilization.
 Salts in the medium are to be :
 Concentrated
 Recycled ???
 Utilize different carbon source:
 Molasses (sugars ) ...
 Cheese industry by product (lactose)...
 Plant compost (cellulose) ...
 biodiesel waste (glycerol)...

12.  Completely metabolized into :
 Carbon dioxide and water under aerobic condition ...
 methane and carbon dioxide in anaerobic condition ...
 Due to substrate specificity of PHAs synthases :
PHB  Which is rigid and brittle...
PHBV  More flexible …
҈ Plastic granules( PHAs):

13. IV. Conclusions

14. ҈ Conclusion:
҈ Conventional plastic would continue killing marines , causing long
term pollution unless the production goes down...
҈ Yangia ND199 can synthesize biodegradable plastics ...
Conventional plastics Biodegradable plastic
 Never decompose ...
 Green house gases emission.
 Decomposable.
 180 million metric tons of CO₂
emissions annually would be
sequestered and avoided ...
҈

15. The Start

16. Tarek Dishisha
KEEP
CALM
AND

17. Special thanks to
Prof. Rajni Hatti-Kaul and Dr.
Thouc Doan Van for providing us
with the Yangia sp. ND199 strain
for doing this study
Department of Microbiology and
Immunology for giving us a
chance to conduct research
Dr. Mohamed Emam for
coordinating graduation projects

18. ҈ References:
• http://www.historyofplastic.com/plasticfacts/disadvantagesofplastic
• http://www.pepctplastics.com/resources/connecticutplasticslearningcenter/biodegr
adableplas/
• http://www.biostockspro.com/7advantagesofbiodegradableplastics/
• 38. ASTM Standard D 6400-99. Standard Specification for Compostable
Plastics. 1999
• TH Phong, D Van Thuoc, K Sudesh (2016). Biosynthesis of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate)
and its copolymers by Yangia sp. ND199 from different carbon sources.International
Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 84, 361–366
• Doan Van-Thuoc, Tran Huu-Phong, Dang Minh-Khuong, Rajni Hatti-Kaul (2015)
Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyvalerate) Production by a Moderate Halophile
Yangia sp. ND199 Using Glycerol as a Carbon Source. Applied Biochemistry and
Biotechnology, 175, 3120-3132
• Doan Van-Thuoc, Tran Huu-Phong, Nguyen Thi-Binh, Nguyen Thi-Tho, Duong Minh-
Lam and Jorge Quillaguamán (2012). Polyester production by halophilic and
halotolerant bacterial strains obtained from mangrove soil samples located in
Northern Vietnam. Microbiology Open, Volume 1, 395–406