anatomy

1. The Head And Neck Anatomy
Meningese & The Brain
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Dr. Emad Abu Alrub MD PhD
Dr. Emad Abu Alrub MD PhD
AAUP- medicine

2. INTERIOR OF THE SKULL
Meninges
Three membranes (meninges) surround
and protect the brain in the skull.
From superficial to deep, these are:
 The dura mater,
 Arachnoid mater, and
 Pia mater.
They are mostly continuous with the
spinal meninges that
surround the spinal cord in the vertebral
column
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5. Dura Mater
The dura mater is conventionally described
as two layers:
 The endosteal layer
 The meningeal layer
The dural folds/ Four septa
1. Falx cerebri
2. Falx cerebelli
3. Tentorium cerebelli
4. Diaphragma sellae
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Dural venous sinuses
The dural venous sinuses are formed in following two
ways: (a) by separation of the two layers of cerebral
dura, and (b) by reduplication of the meningeal layer of
dura (Fig. 16.2).
The dural venous sinuses are lined by endothelium
which becomes continuous with the endothelial lining of
the veins.

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Classification
The dural venous sinuses are classified
into two types, unpaired and paired

9. Dural Nerve Supply
Branches of the trigeminal, vagus, and first three cervical nerves and
branches from the sympathetic system pass to the dura.
Dural Arterial Supply
Numerous arteries from the internal carotid, maxillary, ascending
pharyngeal, occipital, and vertebral arteries supply the dura mater.
From a clinical standpoint, the most important is the middle meningeal
artery, which is commonly damaged in head injuries.
Dural Venous Drainage
The meningeal veins lie in the endosteal layer of dura.
The middle meningeal vein
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Arachnoid mater
Arachnoid mater is a thin,
transparent membrane lying
between the pia mater internally
and dura mater externally.
• It invests the brain loosely
and continues as spinal
arachnoid at the foramen
magnum, which ends at the
level of second sacral
vertebra.
• Sub arachnoid space contains
CSF
• Arachnoid villi
• Arachnoid granulations

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Pia mater
Pia mater is thin transparent vascular membrane which closely invests the
surface of the brain.
It follows the surface irregularities of the cerebral hemisphere, and dips in
every sulcus forming folds.
All the blood vessels to brain run on it before entering the brain.

12. THE BRAIN
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13. Brain development
• The telencephalon develops into the cerebrum and lateral
ventricles.
• The diencephalon forms the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and third
ventricle.
• The metencephalon becomes the Pons, cerebellum, and upper
part of the fourth ventricle.
• The myelencephalon forms the medulla oblongata and lower
part of the fourth ventricle.
• The mesencephalon (mes-en-SEF-a-lon), or midbrain, gives
rise to the midbrain and aqueduct of the midbrain (cerebral
aqueduct).
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14. Brainstem
The brainstem is the stalk-like part of the brain which connects the spinal
cord with the forebrain.
From below upwards it consists of three parts: medulla oblongata, pons,
and midbrain.
It contains important
autonomic reflex centres
(vital centres) associated
with the control of
respiration heart rate and
blood pressure.
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Diencephalon
The diencephalon is the part of brain between
the cerebrum and the brainstem.
The cavity within it is termed third ventricle.
components
• Pars dorsalis lies above (dorsal) to the
hypothalamic sulcus and consists of:
1. Thalamus,
2. Metathalamus
3. Epithalamus / pineal body (gland),
• Pars ventralis lies below (ventral) to the
hypothalamic sulcus and consists of:
1. Subthalamus, and
2. Hypothalamus.
Functionally, the thalamus is generally
considered as the great sensory gateway to the
cerebral cortex.

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The cerebrum
• The cerebrum is the largest part of the human brain that fills most of the cranial
cavity.
• The cerebrum is a heavily, convoluted bilobed structure.
• The two lateral halves are called cerebral hemispheres.
• A deep median cleft, the longitudinal cerebral fissure, incompletely separates
the two cerebral hemispheres.
• The corpus callosum which is a large mass of white fibres joins the two
cerebral hemispheres across the median plane.
• Lateral ventricles.

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Superior
view of the
cerebrum.

19. Lobes of Cerebral
Hemisphere
• The frontal lobe
• The parietal lobe
• The temporal
lobe
• The occipital
lobe
Insula
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20. • Central sulcus
• Precentral gyrus- motor
• Post central gyrus-
somatosensory
Wernicke's area
Broca's area
Aphasia
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22. The cerebellum
Lobes
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23. Cerebellum- regulates equilibrium, muscle tone, postural control, fine
movement and coordination of voluntary muscle movement.
Locati
on
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24. Brain Blood flow
 Internal carotid
 Vertebral arteries
The dural venous sinuses drain
into the internal jugular veins to return blood
from the head to the
Heart.
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27. Cranial Nerves

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Thank you!