Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and Mode
Head and neck anatomy 4 the neck
1. The Head And Neck Anatomy
The neck
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Dr. Emad Abu Alrub MD PhD
Dr. Emad Abu Alrub MD PhD
AAUP- medicine
2. NECK
The neck is the region of the body that
lies between the lower margin of the
mandible above and the suprasternal
notch and the upper border of the
clavicle below.
Cutaneous Nerves
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Dr. Emad Abu Alrub MD PhD
3. Within the neck, four compartments provide
longitudinal organization (Fig. 8.160):
■ The visceral compartment is anterior and
contains parts of the digestive and respiratory
systems, and several endocrine glands.
■ The vertebral compartment is posterior and
contains the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, cervical
nerves, and muscles associated with the vertebral
column.
■ The two vascular compartments, one on each
side, are lateral and contain the major blood vessels
and the vagus nerve [X].
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4. Neck Fascia
The superficial fascia ---(the
platysma)
The deep cervical fascia
include:
■ An investing layer, which surrounds
all structures in the neck.
■ The prevertebral layer, which
surrounds the vertebral column and the
deep muscles associated with the back.
■ The pretracheal layer, which
encloses the viscera of the neck.
■ The carotid sheaths
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6. Neck Triangles
The strap muscles divide the neck into several
triangular spaces that are
useful in organizing the contents of the neck.
The sternocleidomastoid muscle
divides the neck into large anterior and
posterior triangles. Each of these contains
smaller triangular spaces.
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Dr. Emad Abu Alrub MD PhD
7. Major Triangle Contents
Muscular triangle: Infrahyoid
muscles, thyroid and parathyroid
glands
Carotid triangle: Common carotid
artery, carotid sinus, carotid body
Submental triangle: Submental lymph
nodes, anterior jugular vein
Submandibular triangle:
Submandibular gland
Occipital triangle: Occipital artery,
spinal accessory nerve (CN XI),
brachial plexus (trunks)
Omoclavicular triangle: Subclavian
artery
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Dr. Emad Abu Alrub MD PhD
8. Anterior triangle of the neck
Borders:
Anterior border of the
sternocleidomastoid muscle laterally,
The inferior border of the mandible
superiorly, and
The midline of the neck medially
Anterior triangle is further
subdivided into several smaller
triangles as follows:
■ The submandibular triangle
■ The submental triangle
■ The muscular triangle
■ The carotid triangle
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Dr. Emad Abu Alrub MD PhD
10. Vessels
Passing through the anterior triangle of the neck are the
common carotid arteries and their branches, the external
and internal carotid arteries.
These vessels supply all structures of the head and neck.
Associated with this arterial system are the internal
jugular vein and its tributaries.
These vessels receive blood from all structures of the head and neck.
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Dr. Emad Abu Alrub MD PhD
11. Carotid system
The common carotid arteries are the beginning of the carotid system:
■ The right common carotid artery originates from the brachiocephalic trunk
immediately posterior to the right sternoclavicular joint and is entirely in the
neck throughout its course.
■ The left common carotid artery begins in the thorax as a direct branch of the
arch of the aorta and passes superiorly to enter the neck near the left
sternoclavicular joint.
■ Both right and left common carotid arteries ascend through the neck, just
lateral to the trachea and esophagus, within a fascial compartment (the carotid
sheath).
■ They give off no branches as they pass through the neck.
■ Near the superior edge of the thyroid cartilage each common carotid artery
divides into its two terminal branches—the external and internal carotid
arteries.
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14. At the bifurcation, the common
carotid artery and the beginning
of the internal carotid artery are
dilated. This dilation is the
carotid sinus and contains
receptors that monitor changes
in blood pressure
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16. Veins
the internal jugular vein, It exits the
skull through the
jugular foramen associated with the
glossopharyngeal
[IX], vagus [X], and accessory [XI]
nerves, and enters the
carotid sheath.
Nerves
The cranial nerves in these
categories include the facial
[VII], glossopharyngeal [IX], vagus
[X], accessory [XI], and
hypoglossal [XII].
Branches of spinal nerves in these
categories include the transverse
cervical nerve from the cervical
plexus and the upper and lower roots
of the ansa cervicalis.
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19. Posterior triangle of the neck
The posterior triangle of the neck is on the lateral aspect
of the neck in direct continuity with the upper limb.
It is bordered:
■ Anteriorly by the posterior edge of the sternocleidomastoid
Muscle.
■ Posteriorly by the anterior edge of the trapezius muscle,
■ Basally by the middle one-third of the clavicle, and
■ Apically by the occipital bone just posterior to the
mastoid process where the attachments of the trapezius
and sternocleidomastoid come together.
■The roof consists of an investing layer of cervical fascia.
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Cervical plexus
The cervical plexus is formed by
the anterior rami of cervical
nerves C1 to C4.
The cervical plexus forms in the
substance of the muscles making
up the floor of the posterior
triangle.
Phrenic nerve
28. Elements of the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems
that lie in the neck and are related to the anterior triangles:
The esophagus,
Trachea
Pharynx
Larynx
Thyroid gland
The thyroid gland is anterior in
the neck below and lateral to the
thyroid cartilage (Fig. 8.178).
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30. Parathyroid glands
The parathyroid glands are two pairs of
small, ovoid, yellowish structures on the
deep surface of the lateral lobes of the
thyroid gland.
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31. Root of the neck
The root of the neck (Fig. 8.190) is the
area immediately
superior to the superior thoracic
aperture and axillary
inlets. It is bounded by:
■ The top of the manubrium of the
sternum and superior
margin of the clavicle anteriorly, and
■ The top of the thoracic vertebra T1
and the superior
margin of the scapula to the coracoid
process
posteriorly.
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It contains structures passing between the neck,
thorax, and upper limb.
33. The subclavian veins
Nerves
• Phrenic nerves
• Vagus nerves [X]
• Recurrent laryngeal nerves
• Sympathetic nervous system
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Dr. Emad Abu Alrub MD PhD
The subclavian vein (SVC) is classified
as a deep vein and is the major
venous channel that drains the
upper extremities.
34. Lymphatics
Thoracic duct
The thoracic duct is a major
lymphatic channel that
begins in the abdomen, passes
superiorly through the
thorax, and ends in the venous
channels in the neck.
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36. Lymphatics of the neck
Superficial lymph nodes- Five groups of superficial lymph nodes
■ occipital nodes
■ mastoid nodes
■ pre-auricular and parotid nodes
■ submandibular nodes
■ submental nodes
Superficial cervical lymph nodes
The superficial cervical nodes are a collection of lymph
nodes along the external jugular vein on the superficial
surface of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
Deep cervical lymph nodes
The deep cervical nodes are a collection of
lymph
nodes that form a chain along the internal
jugular vein.
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