1. LEARNING AND
MEMORY
Republic of the Philippines
Mindanao State University
Fatima, General Santos City

2. LEARNING
– is a relatively
permanent change
in behavior that
results from
experience. (McGraw –
Hill, 2001)

3. 1. Classical conditioning - a learning
procedure in which associations
are made between an
unconditioned stimulus and a
neutral stimulus.
Four Elements
1. Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
2. Unconditioned response (UCR)
3. Conditioned stimulus (CS)
4. Conditioned response (CR)
TYPES OF LEARNING

4. 2. Operant conditioning –
occurs when the
consequences that follow a
behavior increase or
decrease the likelihood of
that behavior again.

5. 3. Social learning – a form of
learning in which the organism
observes and imitates the
behavior of others.
Modeling is a type of learning
that occurs as the result of
observation and imitation.

6. 4.Cognitive learning – learning
is not the change in behavior
as such but is instead the
acquisition of new knowledge
or cognitions.
Insight – the sudden
change in our perception.

7. MEMORY
- ability to store and retrieve
information over time.
THREE STAGES
1. Sensory Memory
2. Short-term memory (STM)
3. Long-term memory (LTM)

8. Three aspects of information
processing
1. Encoding- process by
which we place the things
that we experience into
memory.

9. Three aspects of information
processing
2. Memory Storage- where the
information is stored, how it lasts, its
capacity and what kind of information is
held.
3.Memory Retrieval- refers to getting
information out storage.

10. Forgetting- occurs either
the items “decay” over
time or because they are
displaced by new items.

11. Theories of Forgetting
1. Decay or Fading of Memory traces – a result
when a memory traces in the brain weaken and
disappear when time passes.
2. Encoding Failure - failure of inputting the details
of information due to lack of concentration.
3. Disuse of the learned materials - when learned
materials is no longer rehearsed or repeated.

12. Theories of Forgetting
4. Motivated Forgetting (repression of emotionally
threatening information) - also called selective
forgetting
5. Interference of other materials - the ability to
recall the learned materials is blocked or prevented
by other materials.

13. Two types of Interferences
1.Proactive - old information/learning
competes with new information.
2.Retroactive - new information
competes with old information.

14. Theories of Forgetting
6. Amnesia - a temporary or
permanent loss of memory
due to the damage of brain.

15. Ways of Improving your
Memory
1. PQRST method ( preview, question, read, self-
recitation and test)
2. Organization
3. Mnemonic
techniques
 Use of rhymes
 Acronyms
 Cues

16. Ways of Improving your
Memory
4. Overlearning
5. Having enough sleep
6. Use of foods, medicines and vitamins