The Influence of Abdullah Azzam’s Jihadist Ideology on the Spread of Al-Qaedah Violence

1. The Influence of Abdullah Azzam’s Jihadist Ideology on the Spread of Al-Qaedah Violence
Mohammad TaherRafi’i1
Abstract
The membersof Al-Qaedahare all Sunni Muslimswhohave anextremistandprejudicedtake on
Islam,withstrongAnti-Shiafeelingsand Wahhabi andSalafi inclinationswhich,overall,have taken
influencefromvariousmovementsinEgypt,Saudi Arabia,AfghanistanandPakistan.Intheirmidst,
AbdullahAzzam,aJihadistleaderof EgyptandPalestine whowasactive inAfghanistanduringthe
latter’sJihadagainstthe SovietUnion,isconsideredthe mostimportantandinfluential personinthe
formationof the ideologyof Al-Qaedahleadersandmembers.Beingpossessedof eloquence anda
goodprose,he has had a great role inattractinggreat JihadistforcesfromIslamiccountriesthrough
writingtensof booksanddeliveringspeechesdescribingJihad.Thesesame forceslaterjoinedthe Al-
Qaedah.Discoveringthe role of AbdullahAzzam’sJihadistideologyinthe spreadof Al-Qaedah’s
violentactionsisthe mainpointbeingexploredinthispaper.
Keywords:AbdullahAzzam,Jihad,Al-Qaedah,BinLaden
1 Level 4 of Jameat al Mustafa,MA in Religious Studies fromImam Khomeini Education and Research Institute

2. The Influence of Ibn Taymiyyah’s Thoughts on the Spread of the Takfiri Movements’ Crimes
MajidFatemi Nejad2
Abstract
Today the Muslimsof the worldas well asnon-Muslimnationsare witnessingthe severityof the
brutal attacks by Takfiri groupswhichare spreadingthroughoutthe worldof Islam owingtothe
extremistbeliefsof Salafi-JihadistandWahhabi scholarsandfinancial andmilitaryaidfromWestern
and Arabcountries.Thispaperintendsto examine the thoughts,beliefsandstrictlawsof Ibn
Taymiyyahandtheirinfluence onthe Jihadistandextremistgroupsof ourtime.Basedonthe
studies,itappearsthatIbnTaymiyyahhasplayeda considerablepartinthe eventsof the worldof
Islam,particularlyinthe lastcentury. Byestablishingcertainprinciplesof Salafismsuchas
inauguratingIjtihad,promotinganappearance orientedoutlookandopposinglogicandreason and
by extreme strictnesswithregardtoSalafi concepts includingTawhid(monotheism), Shirk(idolatry),
limitingTawhidtothe prayerandritual relatedaspectof it,expandingthe groundsof Takfirandalso
linkinghisownextremistbeliefstopoliticsinordertoconfrontthe opposition(the Shiain
particular), he causedthe emergence of apassive andatthe same time radical approachtowards
those withbeliefscontraryto theirown.
Throughouthistory people suchasMuhammadibnAbdul Wahhaband some of the presentTakfiiri
movementshave drawnthe worldof Islamtowardsviolence andterrorismbymeansof Ibn
Taymiyyah’smethodsandthe same extremistbeliefs.Consequently,todaywe are witnessing
numerousactsof violence beingcarriedoutinthe name of Islamin variousparts of the Muslim
worldincludingSyria,Iraq,Afghanistan,Pakistan,Somalia,etc.
Keywords:Ibn Taymiyyah,extremism,Takfir,JihadistandTakfiri groups,Rafida
2 Researcher of Dar al E’lam Le Madrest al Ahl-al-Bayt

3. The crimes of Takfiri Groups in Karbala and Najaf with an Emphasis on the First Period
AhmadKosari3
Abstract
In orderto attaina rulingstatusinthe worldof Islamand take charge of the shrinesinMecca and
Medina,the Wahhabiswere ingreatneedof financial support. TheylookedtoIraqand itsholy
shrinesforthis,because the ShiaIraniankingswere veryattentive tothese placesandinvestedin
them. Thus,withan warrant forthe demolitionof the holyshrinesfromMuhammadibnAbdul
Wahhab,theyattackedand plunderedNajaf andKarbala.InKarbala,notonlydid theydisrespectthe
shrine of the Prophet’sbelovedgrandson,buttheyalsorobbedthe people,dishonouredthe women
and committedheinouscrimes.Theydidnotachieve muchintheirnumerousattacksonNajaf.This
paperexploresthe atrocitiescommittedby the Wahhabisinthese twoholyIslamiccities.
Keywords:Wahhabi crimes,attack on Karbala,Wahhabi murderandplunder,demolitionof holy
places
3 Researcher of Dar al E’lam Le Madrest al Ahl-al-Baytand MA in Islamic Denominations

4. Ahmad ibn Hanbal and his Views on Takfir
Hassan Eskandari4
Abstract
As the spiritual fatherof Salafistmovements,AhmadibnHanbal hada rather novel approachin
political viewsandactionsincriticizinghisadversaries. He didnotseekpower,but like Jahmiah,he
revertedtoTakfirinthe face of oppositionandaccused the people of Quranof Kufr.Nonetheless,
afterMotawakkel whowasa great admirerof Ibn Hanbal became the Caliph,he didnotattemptto
take revenge onhisadversariesortojustifyviolence theoreticallyorpractically.The Salafist
viewpointdiffersfromIbnHanbal’sinsome pointssuchasdenyingthe authenticityof Tawassol and
Tabarrok. Inthispaper we shall studyIbnHanbal’sapproachtowardsTakfirand some of its
differenceswiththatof the Salafists.
Keywords:Ahmadibn Hanbal, Takfir,Jahmiah,People of the Quran,Zandeeq,denyingreason,
theology,tawassol,Salafism
4 Researcher of Dar al E’lam Le Madrest al Ahl-al-Bayt

5. The Role of Religious Buildings and Relics in the Islamic Civilization
GhaderSa’adati5
Abstract
Religiousbuildingsand relicsare the embodimentof the history of Islamandsignsof the progressof
the Islamiccivilization.These relicsare anexpressionof Muslims’architecture,calligraphy,painting
and otherarts throughouthistory.Moreover,notonlyare theythe bestplacesforcultural tourism,
but theyalsoprovide ameansof transferringthe richIslamicculture tofuture generationsandcan
be usedto learnaboutthe life of the prophet(PBUH) andthe Muslimsof that era.Therefore,to
protectthemin anypart of the worldisto protectour Islamicidentityandreligiouscivilization.
Keywords:Islamiccivilization,Islamicarts,historyof civilization,religious locations
5 Researcher of Dar al E’lam Le Madrest al Ahl-al-Bayt

6. The Obstacles of Takfir with Emphasis on the Issue of Ignorance from Ibn Taymiyyah’s Viewpoint
Abdul-MohammadSharifaat6
Abstract
One of the greatestcalamitiesaffectingthe IslamiccommunityandyoungMuslimsinparticular
todayis the issue of Takfir.These inexperienced,ignorantandprejudicedyouthbelievethe lifeand
propertyof otherMuslimsto be forfeitandhave thusruinedtheirownlivesinthisworldandthe
hereafteraswell ascausingdistressandmakinglife difficultforMuslims.
Unfortunately,thesepeople base theirTakfironthe Fatwasof scholarssuchas Ibn Taymiyyah,
whereasIbnTaymiyyah,theoretically,believesthatTakfirisan entirely[tobe inserted] matteranda
Kaferissomeone whorefusestobelieve inGodandHis prophetandopenlyopposesthe clear
instructions thatGodhas sentthroughhisprophet.
IbnTaymiyyahsays,“Some short-sightedandignorantpeoplehave takenupthe wayof Takfir and
count those whointerpretamongstthe Kuffar.”He believesthatnosuchbehaviourhasbeen
observedinthe life of the prophetoranyof hiscompanionsandfollowersoranyotherMuslim
leader. Nordidthe fourImamshave such views.Tothe contrary, theirviewswere completelythe
opposite.Therefore,Takfirbasedonamere whimor basedon the fact that othershave different
viewstoour ownmustbe avoided,evenif theyconsiderusKaferandour livesforfeit.
IbnTaymiyyahbelievesthatall those whosaythe dailyprayersare believersi.e.Muslims,evenif
theydifferintheirbeliefsandevenif theyare wrongintheirbeliefs.He considers beliefinthe
onenessof Godand the prophethoodof Muhammad(PBUH) the standardfor Islamand the
conditionforbeingaMuslimand believesthatonlyrejectingtheseandprinciplesof Islamwhichare
absolute necessitiesof the faithresultsinKufr.
IbnTaymiyyahdifferentiatesbetween“AbsoluteTakfir”and“SpecificTakfir”.Applyingabsolute
Takfirdoesnot meananyone whohasthose beliefsordoesthose thingsisKafer,because he may
not meetthe criteriaforspecificTakfir.Therefore,cautionmustbe observedinspecificTakfir.We
mustnot declare anybodyKaferunlesswe are certainof theirKufrbasedonfirmandreliable
reasons.
IbnTaymiyyahbelievesthatcertaintyandignorance inareligiousmatterare relative.Soitisnot
permittedtodeclare someoneaKaferforthe reasonthat he disagreeswithareligiouspointthat
appearscertainto anothergroup,because certaintydependsonprecedentsthatmaybe unproven
for others.Ignorance isthe same.Some of the prophet’scompanionswereignorantconcerning
some issues,butthe prophetneverdidTakfiranyof them. However,itismostunfortunate thatIbn
Taymiyyahmade greatmistakesinpractice andinapplyingthese principlesandthusengagedinthe
Takfirof a numberof people andgroupsandprovidedajustificationforthe Takfiri groupsof our
time.
Keywords:Ibn Taymiyyah,Takfir,absoluteandspecificTakfir,ignorance,IslamandKufr
6 Researcher of Dar al E’lam Le Madrest al Ahl-al-Bayt

7. A Study into the Inhibitors of Takfir from Wahhabism’s Point of View with Emphasis on
Interpretation
HosseinGhazi-Zadeh7
Abstract
Committingactsthat contradictIslamresultsin Kufr,butthisverdictcan be put intoactiononlyin
the absence of the inhibitorsandobstaclesof Takfir.These include ignorance,error,reluctanceand
interpretation.Amongsttheminterpretation(Ta’weel) isof importance intwoways: firstly,the
existence of variousprinciples,sourcesandreasonsamongstIslamicfaithsresultsinvarious
interpretationsof religiousissuesandsecondly,the inhibitorynature of Ta’weelencompassesmany
majorand minorissues.Aninterpreterisjustifiedindisagreeingwithanythingfromthe most
fundamental partsof Islamtothe tiniestdetailsaslongashe can cite acceptable reasonsforhis
interpretation.The Quranandthe behaviourandtraditionsof the prophetandhiscompanionsare
all marks of the depthand breadthof Ta’weel.
Keywords:acts contradictingIslam,absoluteTakfir,specificTakfir,inhibitorsof Takfir,Ta’weel
7 Researcher of Dar al E’lam Le Madrest al Ahl-al-Bayt

8. Confronting the Takfiri Wahhabis’ Views on the Prohibition of the Takfir of Muslims with Quran
and Hadith
SayyedMohammadYazdani8
Abstract
From the Quran’spointof view,noMuslimhasthe rightto accuse his Muslimbrotherof Kufr(non-
belief)orShirk (idolatry)inordertodisregardhisrightsonthat basis.If a persondeclareshimselfa
Muslim,itisupon all Muslimstoaccept himas one.It can be inferredfromthe Quranthat a
person’swordandoutwardappearance isvalidandif someone showsthe slightestsignof beinga
Muslim,forinstance sayingSalam,he shouldbe consideredaMuslimandtreatedas one.
The Quran explicitlyforbidsMuslimstocall theirMuslimbrothersKafer.
Accordingto authenticHadithsavailable inthe Sunni sources,callinganotherMuslimKafer islike
killinghim,hisbloodwillbe onthe caller’shandsandthe Kufrwill reboundonhimselfaswell.
Nonetheless,Wahhabiscall othersKaferorMoshrekwithno evidence andonnobasisotherthan
Tawassul and Istighatha.BasedondocumentsavailableinWahhabi books,MuhammadibnAbdul-
Wahhab hashad two importantcharacteristics.
1. Takfirof everyone onearth
2. No hesitancyinspillingthe bloodof innocentpeople
Theywouldevengosofar as to claimthat anyone whodoesnot follow the Abdul-Wahhabfamilyis
goingto hell,eventhoughthisisagainstthe Quranand Hadith.
Clarificationof the Issue and the FieldofResearch
Many Islamiccountrieshave beeninchaosandinsecurityforyears.ThroughTakfir,agroup of
people believe thattheyhave the righttospill the bloodof followersof otherfaiths.Usingthe
excuse of heresy,theypickuparmsand massacre otherMuslims.The interestingpartisthat they
believetheyare themselves the only righteoussectandall othersare apostatesandmustbe killed.
Theydo thisinthe name of God. In thisresearchwe intendtoprove,usingthe Quranand Hadiths
the Takfiristhemselvesconsiderauthentic,that“Takfirandkillingof Muslimsisnotallowedandthe
life andpropertyof anywho saythe Shahadataynmustbe respected.”
Thenwe will use sourceswhichare deemedauthenticbyMuhammadibnAbdul-Wahhabandhigh
profile Wahhabi scholarstoprove thattheybelievethose whodonotfollow the Wahhabi faithtobe
Kaferand theirlife tobe forfeitandthat thisisagainstthe Quranand the traditionof the prophet.
Importance of the Research
In anycountry,peace and safetyare the buildingblockforanykindof progress.Islamputsgreat
value onpeace and safetyandnamestheirdisrupters“Enemies”and“Corrupters”.Onthe other
8 Level 4 Graduate of Jameat-al-Mustafa,answeringreligiousquestions on the Wilayatinternational channel

9. hand,a great numberof Takfirisare not fullyknowledgeable concerningtrue Islamicbeliefsand
honestlybelieve thatTakfirisanIslamicandQuranic thing.
Therefore itisuponus tocorrect this misconceptionandbringpeace andsafetybackto the Muslim
society.
Keywords:Faith,Islam,Kufr,Wahhabism
Some of the keywordsinthisarticle needtobe explainedbeforeexploringthe maintopic.

10. The Critical Stance of Sunni Thinkers in Response to Takfiri Movements
AlirezaMirzaei9
Abstract
The Takfiri movementbelongsto asmall numberof Hanbali scholarsfromthe NajdregioninSaudi
Arabiawho,inorder to justifytheirownanti-Shiaapproach,abuse the term“People of Sunnahand
Jama’ah”. In spite of theirtactics,thisminorityhasbeenunsuccessful inunifyingMuslimsand
insightful andunprejudicedSunnischolarshave evenspokenagainstthemand withseriouscriticism
and scrutiny revealedtheirweakpointsandtheir departurefromIslam. Inthisarticle,afew of the
manySunni thinkerswhoare opposedtoTakfirhave beenchosenandthe standardsof their
criticismshave been studied.The anti-Takfirmovementisapprovedof by SulaymanibnAbdul-
Wahhab,Zayni Dahlan,ZahidKawthari,FarhanMaleki,Ramadhanal Buthi and Ali al-Saqqaf whoare
all highprofile Sunni scholars. Apartfromthe emergence of acommittedIslamicthoughtmovement
(whichcontainsthe message of IslamicUnity),thereare three majorpointsconcerningthe criticism
of Takfir:1) It has helpedpreventthe TakfirisfromsabotagingSunni Islam,2) Ithas preventedSunni
MuslimsfromunitingagainstShiasandotherMuslims,3) The claimsmade bythe Takfirmovements
sayingtheirfaithisthe true one and all those opposingthemare infidelsandapostates,etc.are not
convincing
Keywords:Takfir,Salafism,IbnTaymiyyah,MuhammadibnAbdul-Wahhab
9 PhD student in Religious Studies atthe University of Religions and Denominations,faculty member at Shahid
Mahallati Higher Education Institute

11. Typology of Hadiths on “Hearing of the Dead” Emphasising on Sunni sources
SaeedMalekMohammad10
NafisehFaghihi Moghaddam11
Abstract
Ever since itsbeingbroughtup,the issue of hearingof the deadhasastonishedsome people andthe
nature of ithas beenvague andconfusingforthem. Itis a controversial topicandone thathas often
beendebatedthroughoutthe years.Islamictextsanddocumentsreveal thatexceptforahugely
outnumberedminority,mosttopicshave beensuchthattheyhave clarifiedthe connectionbetween
life afterdeathandthislife andaddressedthe issueof hearingof the dead.Thispaper,whichhas
beenwrittenwith apositive approach anddescriptive andanalyticalmethods,attemptstoprove the
authenticityof Hearingof the Deadthroughrevising Hadithsthatare available inSunni sourcesand
freshlycategorizingthe theoriesinthisfield.
Keywords:Hearingof the Dead,addressingthe dead,life of prophets,life inpurgatory,answering
Salam
10 PhD in Mysticismand Sufism,Director of the Ethics Group atIslamic Studies Computer Research Centre
11 PhD in Comparative Exegesis,Expert on WilayatChannel,Researcher at the IslamicScienceand Culture
Institute

12. Analysis of the New Identity of Takfiri Terrorists in the Middle East
(With Emphasis on Some of the Development Indicators)
Abdul-Wahhabforati12
Wali Mohammad Ahmadvand13
Mahdi Bakhshi SheikhAhmad14
Abstract
Currentstudiesof the recentchangesinthe Middle Eastshow that there isa connectionbetween
the absence of certaindevelopment indicators –democracyinparticular–andthe spreadof
extremistIslamandthatextremistgroupsandjihadistwarfare have thriveddue tothe absence of
such indicators.Thistellsusthatthe spreadof democracyand the incorporationof some of the
developmentindicatorsmaydistance massesof people fromthe Jihadistgroupsandconvince them
that the bestway of life ispolitical tolerance. The processof democraticreformsinAfghanistanand
Iraq confirmsthe resultof these studies.Forthisreason,anumberof Political Science researchers
are of the opinionthatthe spreadof Jihadistwarfare inArabMiddle Eastisrootedin the
backwardnesscrisisof these countriesandreligiousmotiveshave astrengtheningeffectinthe next
stage.Thisarticle isan attemptat studyingthe effectof developmentindicatorsinthe emergence
and spreadof Takfiri terroristgroupsfromthisviewpointandassessingsome of these indicators.
Keywords:terrorism,religiousterrorism, developmentindicators,democracy,Takfirimovementsof
the Middle East
12 AssistantProfessor atIslamicCultureand Thought Research Centre
13 AssistantProfessor atIslamicCultureand Thought Research Centre
14 Lecturer at Ardabil Azad University

13. A Review of the Actions and Beliefs of the Terrorist-Takfiri Group Jundallah
Sharif Lakzaei15
RezaLakzaei16
Abstract
Thisarticle will reviewthe actionsandbeliefsof the terrorist-Takfiri groupknownasJundallahwho,
ledbyAbdolmalikRigi,have terrorizedandmurdered peopleinSoutheastIranandspeciallyinthe
state of SistanandBalochistan.
In the terroristattackssectionwe will discussthe Tasuki regioninthe Northof the state,the blind
suicidal attacksinChabaharin the Southon the day of Tasoua,suicide attacksinZahedan,inthe the
Ali ibnAbitalebmosque andthe MasjidJami’.
In the part relatingtothoughtsandideas,terroristbeliefssuchasconsideringthe ShiaMoshrek,
believingthe Shiahave made changesinthe Quran,forbiddingmourningforImamHussain,
believingthe Nowrouztobe a heresyandattributingthe massacre of Imam Hussainandhis
companionstothe Shiawill be reviewed.
The methodof the article isdescriptive-analytical andbasedonthe theoretical structure of the
prophet’s Hadith.Itattemptstocriticize the claimsof the terroristsusingthe Quranand Hadiths
fromSunni sources.Therefore the aimof the article isnotonlyto introduce thisviolentgroup,but
alsoto emphasise ontheirdeparture,intheoryandpractice,fromthe teachingsof Sunni Islam.
Moreover,the contrastbetweentheiractionsandthe teachingsof the Quranand Hadithwill be
explored.
Keywords:terrorism,SistanandBalochistan,Jundallahgroup
15 AssistantProfessor atIslamicCultureand Thought Research Centre sharif_lakzaee@yahoo.com
16 Researcher at Jameat-al-Mustafa International Research Centre. It is worth noting that he has been a
hostage of the Jundallah group for five months and the events of those fivemonths arerecorded in a book
titled Tasuki rlakzaee@gmail.com

14. Speculating the Future of the Takfiri Movement Al-Ghaedah after the Islamic Awakening
SayyedMohammadMahdi Hosseini Faegh17
Abstract
Withmore thana decade betweenusandthe September11attacks, people have startedtosaythat
Al-Ghaedahhave beendefeatedinthe conflictwiththeir enemies,the foremostof whichisthe
UnitedStates.Nonetheless,anumberof theirsuccessfulandunsuccessful venturesmake itevident
that Al-Ghaedahisintelligent,adaptable andflexible.Inspite of the Westerncountries’endeavours
to checkAl-Ghaedah’srecruitmentsandreduce theirinfluence, theyhave still beenable torecruit
membersusingthe conceptof MinorJihadas theirguiding ideology.Theyhave alsousedvarious
methodstospreadtheirideologyandtheirextremistandviolentcreed.One of the majorchanges
that have occurredin recentyearsis the formationof a revolutionarymovementinthe Arabworld
whichhas beencalledthe IslamicAwakeningorthe ArabSpring.ThisIslamicAwakeninghasbrought
aboutan atmosphere inwhichall sorts of groups (Islamist,Nationalist,Communist,etc.) enjoya
degree of freedomof speechandactivity.Amongstthese groups,Al-Ghaedahisof particular
importance,because itisasymbol of Islamicextremismandradicalismandhasreceivedalotof
mediaattentiondue tothe nature of its activitiesandWesterncountrieshave made greateffortsto
confrontand destroythe group. Atthe beginningof the IslamicAwakening,itappearedasif Al-
Ghaedahwas approachingitsend,because people were demandingIslamanddemocracyandtheir
wishesandtheirmottoswere the opposite of Al-Ghaedah’sideology.The deathof BinLadenput
extrapressure onthe group.Yet, as wasmentionedbefore,thisorganizationhasshownspecial
flexibilityandabilityandhassofar beenable toadapt to the new circumstances. Inthisarticle we
have triedto evaluate the effectsof the IslamicAwakeningonAl-Ghaedahusinglibrarysourcesand
the resultsof past researches.Ourtwovariablesinthisarticle are IslamicAwakening –independent
variable- andAl-Ghaedah–dependentvariable.Ithasalsobeenattemptedtoclarifyvariousaspects
of the IslamicAwakeningandthe waysinwhichitcan affectAl-Ghaedah,consideringthe
possibilities.
17 PhD Student in IslamicPolitical Thought

15. The Emergence of Radical Islamism in Indonesia
SayyedMohammadHosseinKhademi18
Abstract
ExtremistIslamismisaphenomenonwhichhasemergedinSoutheastAsiainthe pastthree decades.
The followersof Islaminthisregionhave alwaysbeenknownasmoderate andnon-prejudiced
Muslims,butinthe past two decadesandfollowinga periodof suppressionof political Islamin
Indonesia,the Islamistshave becomeactive againandhave beguntodraw bordersand divide into
differentmovementsandithasbecome possibleforTakfiri Islamismtogrow andspreadas well.The
thingsthat distinguish Takfiri movementsfromotherIslamistmovementsinIndonesiaare
maximalistreligiousviews,dogmatism,rejectionof pluralism andthe use of violence.Inthis
research,religiousmovementswhichhave emerged inpost- SuhartoIndonesiainthe shape of
extremistIslamismwill be studied.Inthisperiod,internal affairsandcrisisaswell asexternal factors
playedapart inthe formationof these movementsinIndonesia.The findingsof thisresearchshow
that the bestway to deal withthe riskof Takfiri movementsinthisregionisthe vulnerability
eliminationmethod.Mostof the sourcesusedforthe researchhave beenarticlespublishedin
EnglishorIndonesian.
Keywords:radical Islamism,SoutheastAsia,Takfir,extremism, Wahhabism
18 MA from Bagher-al-UlumUniversity

16. A Study of the Grounds for Issuing Takfiri Fatwa and Their Impact on the World of Islam
Mohammad Osmani19
Abstract
The actionsof Takfiri movementshave providedthe groundsforseriouscrisisinthe worldof Islam.
The massacre of Muslimscan be considereditsmostimportantconsequence.The growthand
spreadof these movementsisaresultof numerousideological and social situations.The theoretical
groundfor the violentactionsof Takfiri groupsisrootedinthe issuingof certainSalafi Fatwawhich
provide justificationsforthe actionsof these groupsandhave hada greatpart in theirgrowthand
spreading. A historical studyof the Takfiri Fatwascurrentlyinvogue amongstMuslimswill help
clarifyhowthese movementshave beenstrengthened.
The Takfiri movementneedstheoreticianswhocanjustifytheirviolentactions.Withatypologyof
Salafi Fatwas,thisarticle discussesthe role of Salafi Fatwasinthe Takfirof otherMuslimgroups,
studiesthe groundsforthe issuingof suchFatwasand usescritical hermeneuticstofollow the
theorythat TakfirFatwais basedonthe prejudgementsandlife-worldof Salafi scholarsandtheir
beingissuedprovidesthe opportunityforthe progressof the movement.Inthisarticle we willstudy
the groundsfor the issuingof suchFatwasand theirimpacton the MuslimWorld.
Keywords:Salafism,Takfir,extremism,violence,Fatwa
19 MA in Political Science

17. The Quran’s Method in Curing and Preventing the Takfir Phenomenon
VahidKhorshidi20
Abstract
A muchemphasisedpointinthe Quranisavoidingthe Takfr of Muslims.The Quranhas providedus
withtechniquesforavoidingthisdangerousphenomenon.One suchtechnique isnottohurry inthe
Takfirof anypersonwhoclaimsto be Muslim.Othersinclude notdoubtingthe people’sfaith,
describingtwogroupsof Muslimsfightingeachotherasbelievers,attemptingtoreconcile two
groupswhoare in conflictwitheachotherandvaluingthe livesof Muslims.Thispaperattemptsto
explainthe Quran’smethodsof confrontingTakfirbyaminute studyof the relatedverses.
Keywords:Quran’s method,cure,Takfir,notdoubting,faith,reconciliation,Muslimlives
20 Researcher of Dar al E’lam Le Madrest al Ahl-al-Baytand research instituteand MA in Shia Studies

18. Takfiri Salafists’ Attempts;
The Islamic Republic of Iran’s Opportunities
Mohammad Ali Ranjbar21
Abstract
NewTakfiriswhoare influencedbythe formerSalafi fundamentalists have posedmanythreatsto
the Muslimsinthe regionand eventoothernations.These threatstookona new shape following
the changesthat occurredin the Arab world(IslamicAwakening).Booksandarticleshave been
writtenonthe topic,but one thingthat hasnot beenaddressedmuchisthe opportunitiescreated
for the IslamicRepublicof Iran(as the standardbearerof Shiaand the centre of resistance).
Therefore thisarticle posesthe question“Whatopportunitieshave the activitiesof the Takfiris
createdfor Iran?”and intendstouse the examplesof ImamSajjadandthe Lady Zaynab,whoused
the violence of the Takfirisof theirtime asanopportunitytoincrease the people’sinsightand
wisdom,reveal the hypocrisyof the Takfirisandprove theirownrighteousness.Thisgroup’sviolent
and non-Islamicbehavioursinrecenttimesisthe bestchance forthe IslamicIranand Muslims
throughoutthe worldtoexpose theirhypocritical nature throughmedia. Itisalsopossibleto
mobilize peopleagainstthemandunite all moderateShiaandSunni Muslimsandevennon-Muslims
to declare waruponthem.In otherwords,makinguse of softand hard warfare can be the wayto rid
the worldof the dangersposedbyTakfiri movements. Inthe currentcircumstanceswhere Saudi
Arabiahas declareditselfthe greatestsupporterof Takfiri groups,itispossible,toforma global and
local coalitionagainstthe House of Saud.
Keywords:Salafism,Wahhabism,Takfir,IslamicRepublicof Iran,general diplomacy,softpower,
security
21 Studied at Qom IslamicSeminaries,PhD from Imam Khomeini Education and Research Institute

19. Volume Two

20. The Backfiring of Terrorism on Supporting Countries
Analytical Approach
Dr. Mohammad HashemAL-Battat22
Translatedby:MeysamSafari
No abstract
22 Professor of Political ScienceatMustansariyaUniversity in Iraq

21. Islam, Religion of Peace, Friendship, Kindness and Mercy
Ali JanMohammadi
(Gharebaghi)23
Abstract
Islamisa religionof peace andtolerance andthe heraldof kindnessandmercyandthe Quran, this
eternal charterof Islam,considerspeace tobe an essential partof man’ssocial life andhasalways
emphasisedit. Fromthe QuranandHadiths’pointof view,all Muslimsare brothersandshouldput
aside theirdifferencesandlive togetherinpeace.Due tothe existence of varioussectsandgroups,
the emergence of differencesanddistinctionsisinevitable,butthese shouldnotdisturbthe peace
and brotherhoodbetweenMuslims.Therefore,the Quranhasprovidedmethodsformaintainingthe
peace betweenvariousfaithsandnations. Inthispaper,we will have anin-depthstudyof firstthe
Ayahsand Hadithswhichemphasiseonthe importance of peace andthenthe methodsof bringing
interfaithpeace tothe worldfromthe Quran’spointof view.Islam’sview onpeace and
peacemakingisclearandyetthe ominousphenomenonof TakfirwasstartedbyIbnTaymiyyahin
the seventhcentury. He questionedall IslamicbeliefsandissuedsuchpreposterousTakfiri Fatwas
that the scholarsof histime denouncedhim.Inthe twelfthcentury,MuhammadibnAbdul-Wahhab
propagatedthose same ideaswithhelpfromthe House of Saudandstartedanotherwave of Takfir
basedon them.Nowadaysthere are groupsthatholdsuchbeliefsandeveryonce inawhile their
supporters emerge asvarious groupsconductingactsof violence andmurderingotherMuslimsin
the name of Wahhabism,Al-Ghaedah,TalibanorISIS.Eversince the time of IbnTaymiyyahthey
have beenissuingFatwasagainstIslamicsects -the Shiainparticular- andcausingmayhemand
chaos inIslamiccountries.Examplesof theirFatwasare citedinthe final sectionof the article in
orderto showthe contrastbetweenthemandthe Quran’sadvocacyof peace.
Keywords:peace,mercy,kindness,friendship,importance of peace,methodsof peacemaking
23 Level 4 Graduate of Jameat-al-Mustafa,Researcher at WaliyeAsr Research Centre, Researcher at the School
of Fiqh and Maarif,Researcher at the Hajj and PilgrimageOrganization in Qom

22. Principles of Salafist Methodology
Abulfazl Ghaffari24
Abstract
The characteristicsof contemporarySalafistmethodologyhave placedthismovementina
theoretical andpractical position quiteseparate fromSunni Islamandit has hadvarious
consequences. Theircore belief,non-mediatedreturntoQuran,hasgivenrise toradicalismwithin
and withoutthe worldof Islam. Salafistmethodologyandmore specificallyJihadi Salafist
methodologyemphasisesonthe righteousSalaf (leader) andpaysgreatattentiontoritualsandthe
appearance of beingreligious.Withtheir ideasandactions theyhave drivenreasontothe margins
and had significantpolitical,socialandcultural consequence the mostimportantof whichisthe
emergence of violence intermsof Jihad.Thisarticle addressesthe historyof Salafistmethodology,
itsprinciples,the typologyof contemporarySalafistmovementsandthe consequenceswhichbased
on the principlesof Salafistmethodology,have naturallygivenrise tothe inevitableemergence of
violence intermsof the practical principle of Jihad.
Keywords:methodology,Salafism,radicalism, violence,Jihad
24 PhD Student in Political ScienceatBaqer-al- Ulum University

23. Government Pattern in the Takfiri Salafist Ideology
Mohammad Esmaeil Nabatian25
Abstract
Althoughthe Takfiri Salafistmovementshave risenoutof Sunni Islam, theyhave growninto
somethingquite different. Theiridealistviewof Caliphateandtheirconcentrationonchangingthe
currentsituationintothe age of the righteousSalaf (leader) distinguishesthemandtheir
governmentpatternfromSunnis.The governmentpatternTakfiri Salafistshave inmindisbased
stronglyonthe past Caliphatesandeventheirmethodsof gainingpolitical powerrelysolelyonJihad
and the choice of [to be inserted] andcontraryto the governmentpatternincontemporaryIslamic
thought,the Salafistpattern avoidsmakinguse of modernhuman experiencesandusesan
outdated,ineffectiveandtotalitarianmodel basedonthe Sharialawsputtogetherfroman
extremistinterpretationof the QuranandHadith.People onlyhave dutiestowardsthisgovernment
and modernfactorssuch as people’srighttopowerare completelyshunned.
Keywords:Salafist,Takfiri,Government,Caliphate,Jihad
25 Graduate of the Islamic Seminary in Qom,PhD in Islamic Revolution Me.nabatian@gmail.com

24. A Study into the Takfir of Muslims by Wahhabis
Mehdi Pishvaei
Abstract
Ever since the firstemergence of Wahhabism, theirbeliefshave centredonKufr(apostasy) andfaith,
Tawheed{monotheism) and Shirk (polytheism/idolatry).The Wahhabisdefine these termsinavery
specificwayandwiththeirownstandardsandthentheyinterpretthemwithouthavingproved
themfirst.Theyresemble the Khawarij inseveral ways.Perhapstheirmostsignificantsimilarityis
that bothgroups are rather fondof Takfirand believethattheyare themselvesthe onlytrue
Muslims. Moreover,theypresentaverybroad definitionforKufranda veryspecificone forfaith.
Thisarticle reviewsthe criteriathatWahhabishave forfaithandKufrusingHadithsfromthe prophet
and the worksof greatMuslimscholars.Furthermore,some of the crimestheyhave committedasa
resultof theirincorrectinterpretationswill be explained.
Keywords:Shirk,faith,Wahhabism,Kufr,Takfir

25. Salafism in Tunisia and the Future
EnayatollahYazdani26
Mostafa Ghasemi27
Abstract
The Salafi movementsinTunisiacanbe dividedintothree categories:1) ScholarlySalafism, 2)
ReformistSalafism,3) JihadistSalafism.Amongstthe Salafi movementswhodesire the applicationof
IslamicShariaas law,the Jihadistmovementisinclinedtowardsthe Maleki faith,withelementsof
Wahhabism.The Ennahdamovement,the mostsignificantIslamistmovementinTunisia,struggles
to compete withitssecularrivalsthroughattractingthe Salafists(scholarlySalafistsinparticular).
However,due tointernationalpressures,the Ennahda hasbeenharshtowardssome Salafists,
mainlyJihadists. Itisworthnotingthat the Salafi movementisnotat all inaccordance withthe
Tunisiancommunitywhoare peaceful andtolerant. Bearinginmindthe culture andthe atmosphere
inTunisia,itappearsthat JihadistandRadical movementswhichmeantoestablishanIslamic
caliphate withthe standardsof Wahhabismwill notplayagreat part inthe future of thiscountry,
but will surface asdisruptiveelementseveryonce inawhile.The moderate Salafi movement,along
withothermoderate Islamicparties,will have amore significantparttoplay.
Keywords:Salafism,Salafistmovements,Salafistparties,Ennahda,Tunisia
26 AssociateProfessor of International Relations in thePolitics Faculty atEsfahan University
27 PhD student in International Relations in thePolitics Faculty atEsfahan University

26. Takfiri Movements and the Violent Policy
Mansour Mir Ahmadi28
Abstract
The emergence of the Takfiri movementinthe midstof the recentchangesinthe worldof Islam
pointstoa certainkindof policywhichwill be referredtointhispaperas the ViolentPolicy.Itsmain
characteristicisthat itpermitsthe use of violence inordertoachieve the ideal state of affairs.Based
on thisviewpoint,the Takfiri movement considersall currentproceedingsinthe worldillegitimate
and bypermittingviolence atvariouslevelsintendstoconfrontmentionedproceedingsandrealise
itsown ideals.Theirviewof the regulationsandrequirementsinpoliticsalsocontainselementsof
extremism.The consequence of sucha view is the emergenceof acycle of violence inpolitical and
social relationstocomplete theirview of politics.Thisarticle shall explainthe Takfiri movement’s
particularpolitical typologythroughstudyandevaluationof the socio-political viewsof its
supporters. The authorisof the opinionthatsucha policyisthe resultof a special conceptual
system,whichwill be explainedfurtherinthe article.
Keywords:Takfiri movement,violentpolicy,conceptual system, extremism, cycle of violence
28 AssociateProfessor in the Political ScienceFaculty of Shahid Beheshti University

27. The Movements of Juhayman-al-Otaybi, Brothers of Saud and Jihadist Salafism
Yaser Qazvini Haeri29
Abstract
A remarkable eventtookplace inearlyMuharramin the year1400 H. A group,ledbyJuhayman-al-
Otaybi,occupiedthe Ka’bainMecca withMahdic claims.Thisoccupationlastedafortnight.Inthe
endSaudi forces,withhelpfromoutside, defeatedthemandkilledtheirleaders. Thispapermeans
to studythiseventwithrelationtothose whichoccurred before andafterit,eventhoughitisoften
regardedas a single eventbecauseof the Mahdicclaims,the desire forrulershipof the House of
Saud,etc. Moreover,consideringthe historical andtheoreticalrelationsbetweenthe Juhayman-al-
Otaybi movementandthe “Saudi Brothers”and“People of the Hadith”movementonone hand
JihadistSalafismand one of itsmajorleaders,namelyAbu-MuhammadAl-Maghdasi onthe other
hand,the connectionbetweenthismovementandJiahdinAfghanistanaswell asIslamisminKuwait
–especiallyDr.Muhammad-al-Nafisi–willbe studied. Itcanbe concludedfromvariousevidentthat
Juhayman’smovementisnotonlynota single disconnectedevent,butbanbe consideredastepin
the establishmentof JihadistSalafism.
Keywords:Juhayman-al-Otaybi,JihadistSalafism, Mahdism, Ka’ba,Takfir
29 Faculty member of the History Faculty at University of Tehran y.qazvini@ut.ac.ir

28. ISIS and Naked Violence: Illogical Understanding of Religion Combined with Modern Technology
Dr. Mahmoud Shafi’i
Abstract
ISISis an abbreviationof the IslamicState of Iraqand Sham whichemergedafterthe occupationof
parts of Iraq and Syriaby the most extremistIraqi branchof Al-Ghaedah,ledbyAbubakrBaghdadi.It
has currentlychangeditsname tosimplythe IslamicState.Theircruel,illogical andunethical
violence towardsmen,womenandchildrenhascausedabitterandheartrendingcrisisinIraqand
Syriaand perhapsthe entire Middle East.The purpose of thisresearchisto figure outhow and why
thisgroup,whichclaimsto be so devoutandfaithful,commitsactswhichare nottheologically,
logicallyorethicallyjustifiable,againstpeople of theirownfaith.The theorythatthisresearchwill
be goingby isthat ISIS’sinterestinmoderntechnologiesanditscombinationwiththeirrough,
religiousbeliefswhichhave notbeenpolishedbyreasonandhumaninteraction,hasgivenrise to
insane usage of modern weaponryagainstShiaandSunni Muslimsandagainsthumanityitself.We
have pursueda numberof topicsinorderto prove thistheory. First,we studymajorreligious
teachingsandtheirinterpretationswhichhave influencedthe violentactionsof formerandcurrent
leadersof Al-Ghaedah.Inthisfield,we have addressedthe issuesof faith,KufrandJihad.The
interestof extremistgroupsinhardware technology,speciallythe militaryaspectandsoftware
technologyinthe shape of the cyberworld isalsodiscussed. Then,the impactof religiousteachings
and technologyonthisgroup’slife-worldisdescribedandthe characteristicsof thislife-world
introduced.The life-worldof ISIShas characteristicswhichhave resultedinmilitaryviolence against
the Shiain Iraq andSyria.We have reasonedthatthisillogical life-worldcanexplaintheiractsof
violence.Inthe conclusionwe have made some cultural suggestionsonhow religiousextremismcan
be obliterated.
Keywords:ISIS,Kufr andfaith,Jiahd,technology,life-world,violence

29. Ways of Getting Out of the Win-Lose Game in Confronting Islamic Extremism in the Middle East
HamedEsfandiyari30
Abstract
One of the groundsforthe growthof extremistmovementsknownasIslamicisthe opportunities
previouslycreatedforsome ideologuepersonalities;forinstance,inthe powerrelationsinthe
Middle East,Saudi Arabiaand Qatar whoare the major supportersof Salafi andWahhabi
movements,meantoshiftthe balance of powerinthe regioninfavourof Sunni Muslims. The Saudi
government,withhelpfromalliesinthe region,hasbeenable tointroduce the ideaof “Confronting
Shi’ism”asthe core principle of the strategicactivitiesof regional andinternationalpowersinthe
Middle Eastby spendinggreatamountsof moneyandestablishingstrategicrelationswithWestern
powers.Withthe influentialpartiesinthe regionhavingadoptedsuchanapproach,the regional
unitystrategywould have nosuccess ineliminatingextremism,because supportingradical
movementsisconsideredthe winningcardfor these parties.Aneffective strategyforobliterating
religiousextremismwouldbe todiscardthe notionof supportingextremistgroupsasa useful
strategyinadvancingthe win-lose circumstancesinregional relations. Religiousextremismshould
be removedfromthe listof toolsforapplyingpressure.Thiscanbe done throughenlightenmentand
formingmechanismsthatemphasise the dutiesof the involvedparties.Inthisresearchwe shall
attemptto identifyandintroducetechniquesforgettingoutof the win-losesituationconcerning
extremism, usingthe librarymethodandelectronicsources.
Keywords:extremism,win-lose,Islam, Middle East
30 PhD Student at Shahid Beheshti University

30. The Evolutionary Process Concerning the Concept of Taqlid-al-Madhahib in Takfiri Salafi Thought
And their Takfir of the Four Schools
AkbarRoostaei
Abstract
Referringtoexpertsinanyfieldisalogicallyprovennecessityandthere isnodispute aboutit
amongstthe wise.The publicoftenactuponthis principle.Religiousmattersare noexceptionandin
orderto gain knowledge of religiousrules,itisnaturallynecessaryeithertobe anexpertinthe field
or to get assistance fromone whois.There isno disagreementbetweenShiaandSunni onthis
point.The Wahhabis,however,seemtodisagree withall Muslims,althoughtheircommentsonthe
topicare extremelyconfused.Inthisarticle we shall beginwithanexplanationof the Takfiri Salafist
viewonthe formationof the Madhahib(Schools) andthe evolutionaryprocessof theirthoughtson
Taqlid. We will alsopointouttheirfallaciesbasedontheirownwords.Lateronwe will explainthe
viewsof Sunni scholarsandreviewthe Takfiri Salafistideasbasedonthem.
Keywords:Taqlid,religiousrules,Mujtahid,Takfiri Salafists

31. The Similarities between Takfiri Wahhabis and the Khawarij
Mohammad JavadHaji Ghasemi
Abstract
Thisarticle will beginbystudyingthe wordsof Sunni scholarsaboutusingthe name Khawarij for
Takfiri Wahhabis.Anexplanationof the similaritiesbetweenWahhabisandKhawarij inappearance
and creedandkillingMuslims,the belief thatsinsturna countryof Islamintoa countryof Shirk,
settingnewlimits,etc.will follow.Inthe end,the Sunni scholars’disagreementsconcerningthe
Khawarij will be addressed,basedontheirHadithandtheirprincipleswithregardtoTakfir,
misguidance andmurder.
Keywords:Wahhabism,Takfir,Khawarij, countryof Kufr,majorsins,Shirk,Tawheed

32. Reasons of the Formation of Takfiri Movements in Afghanistan and the Indian Subcontinent
Mohammad Taher
Rafi’i31
Abstract
The worldof Islamhasbeenwitnesstothe formationandgrowthof variousmovementsthroughout
the past twocenturiesandduringthe lastfew decadesinparticular.The emergence of extremist
Takfiris amongstthe worstand mostdangerousthingstohave happenedinthisperiod.Takfirand
the aimlessmurderof humanbeingsisneitherinaccordance withIslamnorapprovedof by great
Muslimscholarsandreligiousleaders.Therefore,understandthe reasonsof the formationand
spreadof such movementsinthe regionisof greatimportance. Thispaperintendstoidentifythe
majorTakfiri and extremistmovementsinIndiaandAfghanistanandinvestigatethe causesof their
formationandgrowth,speciallyaswe are currentlywitnessingthe spreadof religiousdisputes,the
developmentof religiousschoolsandgreatexternalassaultswhichare verylikelytohave playeda
part inthe emergence andstrengtheningof Takfiri movements.
Keywords:Takfir,Takfiri,extremism,Takfirimovements,subcontinent,Afghanistan
31 Level 4 of Jameat-al-Mustafa and MA in Religious Studies from Imam Khomeini Education and Research
Institute

33. The What and How of the Formation of Takfiri Movements
And the Reasons for their Gaining Power in the Past Decade
Mehdi
Farmanian32
Abstract
Followingthe integrationof Westernculture intothe worldof Islamandthe fall of the Ottoman
Empire in1925, Sunni Muslimsstrove tore-establishthe MuslimCaliphateandnumerousgroups
were formedinthe worldof Islamwhose intentionwasthis.The IndianCaliphate movementin
India,the MuslimBrotherhoodinEgyptandall the Jihadi groupsof the past half centuryhave sought
to bringthe Caliphate back;butthe militarypresence of Americainthe regionfollowingSeptember
2001 not onlyfailedtoeliminateTerrorism, butrathercausedthe furtherspreadof Takfiri
movements. Suchgroupsemergedinthe Westernworldaswell asthe Muslimworld.Unfortunately
the presence of the UnitedStatesinthe region –whetherintentionallyorunintentionally–has
causedan increase inTakfiri activitiesandthusachievedexactlythe opposite of thatwhichwasits
aim.
Keywords:Takfiri movements,America
32 AssistantProfessor and Head of the Islamic DenominationsFaculty atUniversity of Religions and
Denominations,Qom

34. The Intellectual Foundations of the Enmity of the West with Islam
Sattar Jabbar Al-Jaberi33
TranslatedBy:Meysam Safari
No Abstract
33 AssistantProfessor,Strategic and International Research Centre of Baghdad University

35. A Study and Review of the Sipah-e-Sahaba and their Takfir of Shia
Ali MollaMoosa Meybodi34
Abstract
One of the Takfiri groupsformedinPakistanwasthe Sipah-e-Sahaba.Thisorganizationwasformedto
confrontthe influence of the IslamicRepublicof Iranand preventthe ShiainPakistanfromgaining
power.Theirleadersbeganthe Takfirof Shiathroughbooks,magazinesandspeechesandeventually
starteda Shia-Sunni battle inPakistan.Theirmainreasonforthe TakfirandKillingof Shiawasthatthey
accusedthe Shia of believingthe Sahaba(the prophet’scompanions) were notMuslims,of changingthe
textof the Quranand of denyingthatMuhammadwasthe last prophet.Accordingtothemthe Shiaare
Kafirbecause theythinkthe Sahabawere Kafir,they say there have been changes made inthe Quran,
and theyexaggerate somuchabouttheirImamsthat it’salmostas if theybelievedthemtobe
prophets.However,noneof these three statementsis true aboutthe beliefsof ShiaMuslims.
Moreover,none of the pointsonwhichthe Shiadifferfromthe Sipah-e-Sahabaisanecessityof Islam
nor theirdenial asignof Kufr.
Keywords:Sipah-e-Sahaba,Takfirof Shia,Takfirof the prophet’scompanions,changingthe Quran,
khatamiyyat
34 Graduate of Islamic DenominationsInstitute

36. The Role of International Powers in the Spread and Growth of Takfiri Movements and its Impact on
the Muslim World
Mokhtar SheikhHosseini
Mohammad JavadKhalili
Abstract
Variousfactorshave contributedtothe formationandgrowthof Takfiri Salafismwhichhascurrently
become the greatestproblemof the Muslimworld. Concentratingontheirideasandotherinternal
factors can clarifypartof the truth, buta comprehensive analysisispossible onlyif we considerthe role
of the greatworldpowersinstrengtheningthismovement.Historically,the combinationof Salafi
thought,ledbyMuhammadibn Abdul-Wahhab,withthe political powerof the House of Saudhappened
withsupportfromBritainand inorderto defeatthe OttomanEmpire.Eversince,thismovementinthe
ArabianPeninsulahasbeenactinginaccordance withthe interestsof Britain.America’ssupportof Al-
Ghaedahduringthe ColdWar isalsoa historical fact. Thiswasdone to confrontthe influenceof the
formerSovietUnionandithas had manybenefitsforthe WesternBloc.Evennow these greatpowers
supportthe spreadof Takfiri movementsinIslamiccountriessuchasIraq and Syria.
The spreadand growthof Takfiri thoughthasprovidedopportunitiesforthe greatworldpowers.They
supportitsgrowthin certainregionsandfightitinothers.Likewise,they have supporteditduring
certainperiodsof time while atothertimesattackingIslamiccountriesandcallingitthe Waron Terror.
In thisarticle,we will studythe historical role of greatworldpowersinthe spreadof Takfiri movements
and addressthe connectionbetweenthese twofactorsanditsimpactson the MuslimWorld.
Keywords:Salafism,Islam,Al-Ghaedah,Wahhabism, America, worldgreatpowers