Context of Rizal

2. 
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
 appraise the link between the individual and society
 analyze the various social, political, economic, and
cultural changes that occurred in the nineteenth
century
 express understanding of Jose Rizal in the context of
his times
Student Learning Outcomes:

3. 
 What shaped you as a person? Cite the people and
experiences that made you who you are.
Come and Share!

4. 
Influential Historical Events
that Shaped the 19th Century
(An Overview)

5. 
Philippines as a Spanish colony

6. 
The Spanish Empire

7. 
 The beginning of the eighteenth century in Spain coincided
with the crowning of Spain's first Bourbon king.
 Under the previous dynasty of the Habsburgs, Spain had
been ruined by wars abroad and conflicts at home.
 The new Bourbon administration that assumed power in
1707 was determined to effect structural changes in Spain's
government and the economy to centralize power in the
monarch.
 The colonies also received increased attention, mainly in
terms of their defense and the reorganization of their
economies.
18th Century:
Bourbon Reforms

8. 
Bourbon Reforms in Spain Effect in the Philippines
Promote economic growth through
mining, tropical agriculture (cacao,
sugar) and regional trade
Regional agricultural products
- Cagayan Valley – tobacco
- Negros Island – sugarcane
Administrative Reforms:
- New Viceroys
- Expulsion of the Jesuits
- Colonial militias
- Formation of intendancies
• Parishes under Jesuits were
turned over to other
congregations.
• Stronger defense against the
British
Commercial Reforms
- Free trade
• More active galleon trade
Imperial Re-conquest • Get back territories that the
British won
18th Century:
Bourbon Reforms

9. 
 Both revolutions gave birth to the idea that an
individual's loyalty has to be to his nation not to the
king.
 American Revolution (1775-1789) - gave birth to the
USA
 French Revolution (1779-1789) – led to the
overthrowing of the absolute rule of the Bourbon
Dynasty in France and the abolition of the feudal
system
18th Century:
American and French Revolution

10. 
18th Century:
American Revolution
 The Revolutionary War
waged by the American
colonies against Britain
influenced political
ideas and revolutions
around the globe, as a
small fledgling nation
won its freedom from
the greatest military
force of its time.

11. 
18th Century:
French Revolution
 The French Revolution
saw the abolition of the
French monarchy and
the imposition of a new
form of government
and society that was
based on the concepts
of liberty and equality.

12. 
 Both revolutions occurred out of a sense of
nationalism.
 Nationalism is loyalty or psychological attachment
members of a nation share, based on a common
language, history, culture, and desire for
independence. It is a feeling that drives a people
together as a nation.
18th Century:
Immerging Sense of Nationalism

13. 
 Nationalism is one of the radical ideas in the early
19th century, which influenced the modern world
tremendously.
 There are three points that stand out in this complex
ideology:
 nationalism from a real or imagined cultural unity,
manifesting itself in language, history and territory;
 nationalists have usually sought to turn this cultural unity
into political reality so that the territory people coincides
with its state boundaries; and,
 nationalists believed that every nation has the right to exist
in freedom and develop its and spirit.
18th Century:
Immerging Sense of Nationalism

14. 
 The rise and spread of Liberalism and Democracy
was actually a consequence of the growth
development of nationalism. The principal ideas of
liberalism - liberty and equality – gradually spread
out from America and Europe to the colonies,
including the Philippines.
18th Century:
Immerging Sense of Nationalism

15. 
 one of the most crucial developments in the middle
of the 18th century
 refers to the transformation of manufacturing
brought about by the invention and use of machines.
 started in England and later on spread into Belgium,
France, Germany, and even the United States.
 The invention of machines and their use in
manufacturing brought about significant changes in
people's lives.
19th Century:
Industrial Revolution

16. 
 POSITIVE EFFECTS
 The rise of the factory system
 Mass production of essential and non-essential goods
 Improvement of people's standard of living
 Greater urbanization of society
 Beginnings of specialization or division of labor
 Invention of labor-saving devices
 The beginnings of industrial capitalism
 Fostering of liberalism and nationalism
 Encouragement of people's mobility
19th Century:
Industrial Revolution

17. 
 NEGATIVE EFFECTS
 Widening of the gap between rich and the poor
 Unending economic warfare between labor and capital
 Pollution and other environmental problems
 Beginning of child and women labor
 Intensification of imperialistic rivalry between and
among industrialized countries
19th Century:
Industrial Revolution

18. 
 Diffusion of ideas and techniques of a highly
developed civilization due to imperialism
 Reliance on force to conquer by Western peoples made
the colonized peoples assert their right to self-
determination or the right to choose the kind of
government under which would live
Western Imperialism and the Spread of
Knowledge and Idealism

19. 
 Achievements of the 19th century
 Extension of human rights to many people
 Promotion of higher education for men and women
 Education for nationalism in schools
 Investment in science to serve mankind
 Improvement of public health through the
establishment of numerous hospitals
 Emergence of realistic literature, depicting the life of
the time
Western Imperialism and the Spread of
Knowledge and Idealism

20. 
The World During Rizal’s
Time
Nineteenth Century

21. 
 After the French Revolution,
Napoleon (1804-1814) ruled over it
and extended his empire to
neighboring countries.
 Spain was part of France’s alliance
against Britain in the Continental
System.
 Nations allied with the French to
stop Britain’s aggressiveness
through a trade embargo.
 When this alliance faltered,
Napoleon invaded Spain, forced
the king, Charles IV to abdicate in
favor of his son, who became
Ferdinand VII.
1. The Spanish Revolt and Cadiz
Constitution

22. 
 When Ferdinand was unable to please Napoleon, he
replaced him with his own brother Joseph.
 This resulted to the Spanish revolt of 1808-14 as the
Spaniards resisted Joseph and fought for Ferdinand
as their legitimate king.
 The Spanish patriots, who were mostly liberal,
retreated to the city of Cadiz in Southern Spain.
1. The Spanish Revolt and Cadiz
Constitution

23. 
 They drafted the first ever constitution in Europe to
delineate powers of the government.
 One unique feature of this constitution is allowing
colonies to be represented in the Spanish parliament
called Cortes.
 Ventura Delos Reyes, a rich merchant from Manila
was chosen to represent the Philippine colony. He
helped draft the Cadiz Constitution.
1. The Spanish Revolt and Cadiz
Constitution

24. 
 The Cadiz Constitution was adopted and then made
public on March 18 and 19, 1812 respectively. This
constitution declared the following:
 sovereignty in the Spanish nation.
 equality of the Spaniards of the mother country and
those born in the colonies
 representation by people in the colonies to the
 abolition of forced labor and monopolies
1. The Spanish Revolt and Cadiz
Constitution

25. 
 It was revoked in 1814 when Ferdinand got back the
throne and abolished the Cortes, then restored in
1821 after a successful revolt, abolished again in 1823
when Ferdinand defeated the liberals with the help
of France then went into effect for the third time in
1836 to be replaced by another constitution just a
year later.
1. The Spanish Revolt and Cadiz
Constitution

26. 
2. Spain Lost Its Colonies
 Former Latin
American Colonies
 Paraguay (1811)
 Argentina (1816)
 Chile (1817)
 Colombia
 Ecuador (1819)
 Former Central American
countries
 Costa Rica (1821)
 Honduras (1821)
 Guatemala (1821)
 El Salvador (1821)
 Nicaragua (1821)
 Venezuela (1822)
 Peru (1824)
 Bolivia (1825)
 Uruguay (1825)
The political instability in Spain led to its stagnation and downfall. Once
called the “Mistress of the World" in her Golden Age, she lost her rich
colonies:

27. 
 These former Spanish colonies had risen in arms
against Spanish tyranny and achieved their
independence.
 Evidently Spain never learned a lesson out of their
loss of these colonies for she continued a despotic
rule in her remaining colonies including Cuba,
Puerto Rico and the Philippines.
2. Spain Lost Its Colonies

28. 
 Due to her invincible navy and magnificent army,
she proved too strong as she was able to occupy
many countries throughout the world and to
establish a magnificent empire.
 Thus the British people during the glorious reign of
Victoria (1837-1901) proudly asserted: "Britania rules
the way,” furthering its conquests of many countries
in Asia.
3. Britain Rose as the World’s Leading
Imperialist

29. British Empire

30. 
 On July 8, 1853, an American squadron under the
command Commodore Matthew C. Perry re-opened
Japan to the world.
 After this event, which ended Japan's 214-year isolation
(1639-1853) Emperor Meiji (Mutsuhito) modernized the
country by freely accepting Western influences, including
imperialism.
 No sooner Japan strengthened her navy and army along
Western lines, joined the Western imperialist countries
when it fought China in the Sino-Japanese War (1894-
1895) and grabbed Formosa (Taiwan) and Pescadores. In
1910 she annexed Korea.
4. Japan’s Close-Door Policy Ended

31. 
 On February 19, 1861, four (4) months before Rizal's birth
in Calamba, the liberal Czar Alexander II (1855-1881), to
appease the rising discontent of the Russian masses,
issued a proclamation emancipating 22,500,000 serfs.
 When Rizal was born on June 19, 1861, the American Civil
War (1861-65) was raging furiously in the United States
over the issue of Negro slavery. This titanic conflict,
which erupted on April 12, 1861, compelled President
Lincoln to issue his famous Emancipation Proclamation
on September 22, 1863 freeing the Negro slaves.
5. The Emancipation of Slaves in
Russia and the United States

32. 
5. The Emancipation of Slaves in
Russia and the United States
The Russian peasants gained
personal freedom. For self-
support, they gained small plots of
land (about 3-5 hectares) that the
state bought from the landlords.
Abraham Lincoln was the
president who brought about the
Civil War that ended slavery in the
US.

33. 
 On June 1, 1861, eighteen (18) days before
Rizal's birth, Benito Juarez, a full-blooded
Zapotec Indian, was elected President of
Mexico again.
 A year after his election (April 1862) Emperor
Napoleon III of the French Empire, in his
imperialistic desire to secure a colonial state in
Latin America, sent French troops which
invaded and conquered Mexico. He resisted
this French occupation, overthrowing the
Empire, restored the republic, modernized the
country, and promoted indigenous people’s
rights. For this he is regarded as Mexico’s
national hero.
6. A Native Became President
Benito Juarez, president
for five terms (1858-72)
and national hero of Mexico

34. 
 In November 17, 1869, the Suez Canal, connecting the
Mediterranean and the Red seas, is inaugurated in an elaborate
ceremony attended by French Empress Eugénie, wife
of Napoleon III.
 This Canal made navigation and trade from Europe to the East
easier.
 The construction began in 1854, when Ferdinand de Lesseps,
the former French consul to Cairo, secured an agreement with
the Ottoman governor of Egypt to build a canal 100 miles across
the Isthmus of Suez.
 An international team of engineers drew up a construction
plan, and in 1856 the Suez Canal Company was formed and
granted the right to operate the canal for 99 years after
completion of the work.
7. Suez Canal Opened

37. 
 When it opened, the Suez Canal was only 25 feet
deep, 72 feet wide at the bottom, and 200 to 300 feet
wide at the surface.
 Consequently, fewer than 500 ships navigated it in
its first full year of operation.
 Major improvements began in 1876, however, and
the canal soon grew into the one of the world’s most
heavily travelled shipping lanes.
7. Suez Canal Opened

38. 
 The opening of the Suez Canal made it easier for
trade to happen between the West and the East. At
the same time, ideologies arising from revolutions in
the West reached the Asian colonies including the
Philippines faster. Thus, the Suez Canal became not
just a physical passageway but an intellectual
roadway as well.
7. Suez Canal Opened

39. 
How did the events of the 18th century pave
the way for the events in the 19th century?
Which of the events in the 19th century do
you think was most impactful to the
Philippines and to Rizal as a person? Why?
Think about It!