HỌC TỐT TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO CHƯƠNG TRÌNH GLOBAL SUCCESS ĐÁP ÁN CHI TIẾT - CẢ NĂ...
Non communicable diseases - dr. anindya
1. NON-COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES
Dr. Anindya Debnath
Medical Officer
India
2. INDEX
1. Objectives 9. Obesity
2. Introduction 10. Diabetes
3. Magnitude Of The Problem 11. Accidents and Injuries
4. Age Distribution of NCDs 12. Malignancies
5. Common Risk Factors 13. Blindness
6. Coronary Heart Disease 14. Psychiatric disorders
7. Hypertension 15. Other NCDs Among Elderly
8. Stroke 16. Prevention of NCDs
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3. OBJECTIVES
• To get an idea about the magnitude of the problem
• To know the risk factors responsible
• Methods of prevention of NCDs
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4. INTRODUCTION
Synonyms: “Chronic” diseases”,
“Lifestyle Diseases”
With rapid urbanization, industrialization and increasing level
of affluence (the so called “modernization”), the price that the
society is paying is a tremendous load of “Non - Communicable”
diseases.
Global phenomena -not simply restricted to the developed, rich countries.
In the context of our country, too, the problem of lifestyle and its
consequent diseases is assuming the position of a new “EPIDEMIC”.
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5. MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM
• Prevalence is INCREASING in most of the Developed as well as Developing
Countries. A New “Epidemic” REASON?
• Cardiovascular Diseases and Cancer - Leading causes of death in most of
the developed countries (70 to 75% of total Deaths).
• Developing Countries- Following the same steps to the trap(!!) in a far more
pitiable fashion. HOW?-Cause, we have CDs, NCDs and
Poverty- all 3 burdens to be taken SIMULTANEOUSLY.
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6. AGE DISTRIBUTION OF NCDS
Younger Age-group Elderly
• Hypertension
• Accidents and Injuries
• Coronary Heart Disease
• Rheumatic Heart Disease
• Diabetes
• Diabetes • Stroke
• Blindness • Malignancies
• Psychiatric disorders • Obesity
• Blindness
• Psychiatric disorders
• Others
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7. COMMON RISK FACTORS
NON-MODIFIABLE MODIFIABLE
• Age • Cigarette Smoking
• Sex • Alcohol Abuse
• Family History • Dyslipidemia
• Genetic Factors • Sedentary Life Style
• Personality • Stress
• Environmental Risk Factors
• Inability to avail preventive health
care services
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8. CORONARY HEART DISEASE
• Problem Statement: 30% of deaths in men; 25% of death in female in
Western Countries.
• INDIAN SCENARIO: Leading cause of death and disability in our country, by
the year 2025.
• Presentations:
Angina Pectoris
Myocardial Infarction
Arrhythmia
Cardiac Failure
Sudden Death
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9. HYPERTENSION
• Classification:
Category Systolic BP Diastolic BP
(mm Hg) (mm Hg)
Normal <130 <85
High Normal 130-139 85-90
Hypertension
Stage 1(Mild) 140-159 90-99
Stage 2(Moderate) 160-179 100-109
Stage 3(Severe) >180 >110
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10. HYPERTENSION (CONTD..)
• GLOBAL BURDEN: About 10% to 20% population.
• INDIAN SCENARIO:
Male Female
Urban 6% 7%
Rural 3.5% 3.6%
8
6
4 Male
2 Female
0
Urban Rural
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11. HYPERTENSION (CONTD..)
Rule of Halves.
Inadequately Treated Hypertensive
Diagnosed but Untreated Hypertensive Adequately Treated Hypertensive
Hypertensive (Not
diagnosed)
Non hypertensive
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13. STROKE
• Problem Statement: 10% to 12% of all deaths in Developed Countries.
• In India: Over all prevalence of stroke appears to be comparatively less
(1.54/1000 against 0.2-2.5/1000 world-wide)
BUT
The proportion of stroke among young age-group is significantly more.
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15. OBESITY
• Abnormal growth of adipose tissue.
OBESITY
Hypertrophic Hyperplastic
OBESITY
Android Gynoid
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16. OBESITY (CONTD..)
• Magnitude: (Developed Countries)
Adults 20% to 40%
Children 10% to 20%
• Assessment of Obesity:
BMI
Skinfold Thickness
Waist Circumference & WHR
Others (Total body Water
Total body Potassium
Body density
Measuring fat cells)
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17. OBESITY (CONTD..)
• Complications of Being an Obese:
• Hypertension
• Dyslipidemia
• Glucose intolerance
• Coronary heart disease
• Arthritis
• Breast, colon carcinoma
• Gall stone diseases
• Depression and Withdrawal into self
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18. DIABETES
• Around 150 million Diabetic World-wide. Predicted to DOUBLE by 2025.
• 20% of them in SEAR.
• Screening Methods:
Venous Blood Sugar testing
Random
Fasting
Post-prandial
Urine Glucose Examination
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19. ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES
• What is Accident?
-Unpremeditated event resulting in recognizable damage.
• A significant cause of morbidity, mortality, disability among the productive
age group population of a country.
• Etiological factors:
Irresponsible usage of machines
Risk-taking behavior
Weak legislation
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20. ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES (CONTD..)
Driving vehicles under influence of alcohol
Poor maintenance of machines/vehicles
Over-crowding, poor illumination, inadequate layout in the road
Low driving standards
Not using protective measures
Lack of concentration while operating machines/vehicles.
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21. MALIGNANCIES
• An important cause of mortality, disability world-wide.
(10 million mew cases diagnosed/year, 6 million die of cancers/annum)
• 3 most common malignancies worldwide:
1. Lung cancer (12.3% of all cancers)
2. Breast cancer (10.4%)
3. Colorectal cancer (9.4%)
• Top 3 “killers” among the malignancies:
1. Ca Lung
2. Ca Stomach
3. Ca Liver
• Ca cervix most common cancer among the Indian woman
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22. BLINDNESS
• WHO defines Blindness as:
“Visual Acuity of less than 3/60 (Snellen) or its equivalent in the better eye”.
• Low Vision:
Visual acuity poorer than 6/18 but better than 3/60.
• In India 0.7% people are blind. Among them, 62.6% are due to Cataract.
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23. BLINDNESS (CONTD..)
• Other important causes (in decreasing order of prevalence):
1. Refractive error
2. Glaucoma
3. Posterior segmental pathology
4. Corneal opacity
5. Miscellaneous
• Vision 2020: “Right to sight”
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24. PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
• With the ever-increasing stress in today’s day-to-day life, psychiatric
disorders are assuming more significant dimension.
• Prevalent almost in all age-groups.
• Increased life expectancy
More population reside in the elderly group
Hence problems of poor mentation
(Alzheimer’s, Dementia, Insomnia, Irritability etc.) warrant special attention.
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25. OTHER NCDS AMONG ELDERLY
• Arthritis
• Osteoporosis
• Chronic Respiratory Diseases (e.g. Chronic
Bronchitis, Emphysema, Asthma)
• Renal Failure
• Chronic liver diseases
• Hearing Impairment
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26. PREVENTION OF NCDS
Prevention
Primary Secondary Tertiary
Prevention Prevention Prevention
Population High Risk
Strategy Strategy
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27. EXERCISE RECOMMENDATION
FOR WEIGHT CONTROL
• 4 to 5 sessions per week,
• MET level 5 to 8 (moderate intensity exercises )
• 45 to 60 minutes/session.
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29. JUST A MOMENT…..
“….The Japanese smoke a lot and suffer fewer heart attacks than Australians or
New Zealanders;
The French eat a lot of fat and suffer fewer heart attacks than Australians or
New Zealanders;
The Italians drink a lot of wine and also suffer
fewer heart attacks than Australians or New Zealanders…..”
(Conclusion : NEVER COPY OTHERS’ BAD HABITS BLINDLY; DIFFERENT
POPULATION HAS DIFFERENT LEVEL OF SUSCEPTIBILITY !!!!!!!!)
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30. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Text book of Preventive and Social Medicine-PARK.
• AFMC Textbook of Community Medicine .
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