3. Polynomial – The sum or difference of monomials.
Rational expression – A fraction whose numerator
and denominator are polynomials.
Reduced form – a rational expression in which the
numerator and denominator have no factors in
common.
4. Divide out the
common factors
Factor the
numerator and
denominator and
then divide the
common factors
5. Dividing Out Common Factors
Step 1 – Identify any factors which are common to both the
numerator and the denominator.
5
5 7
x
x( )−
The numerator and denominator have
a common factor.
The common factor is the five.
6. Dividing Out Common Factors
Step 2 – Divide out the common factors.
The fives can be divided since 5/5 = 1
The x remains in the numerator.
The (x-7) remains in the denominator
5
5 7
x
x( )−
=
x
x − 7
7. Factoring the Numerator
and Denominator
Factor the numerator.
Factor the denominator.
Divide out the common factors.
Write in simplified form.
3 9
1 2
2
3
x x
x
+
8. Factoring
Step 1: Look for common factors
to both terms in the numerator.
3 9
1 2
2
3
x x
x
+ ♦3 is a factor of both 3 and 9.
♦X is a factor of both x2
and x.
Step 2: Factor the numerator.
3 9
1 2
2
3
x x
x
+ 3 3
12 3
x x
x
( )+
9. Factoring
Step 3: Look for common factors to the
terms in the denominator and factor.
3 9
1 2
2
3
x x
x
+
The denominator only has one term.
The 12 and x3
can be factored.
The 12 can be factored into 3 x 4.
The x3
can be written as x • x2
.
3 9
1 2
2
3
x x
x
+ 3 3
3 4 2
x x
x x
( )+
• • •
10. Divide and Simplify
Step 4: Divide out the common factors. In this
case, the common factors divide to become 1.
3 3
3 4 2
x x
x x
( )+
• • •
Step 5: Write in simplified form.
x
x
+ 3
4 2
11. You Try It
Simplify the following rational expressions.
1
9
2 4
2
2
.
x y z
x y z
2
3
4 32
.
a
a a
+
+ +
3
3 1 5
7 1 02
.
x
x x
−
− +
4
2 1 5
1 2
2
2
.
x x
x x
− −
− −
5
1 4 3 5 2 1
1 2 3 0 1 8
2
2
.
x x
x x
+ +
+ +
12. Problem 1
9
2 4
2
2
x y z
x y z
= 3 3
3 8
• • • • •
• • • • •
x x y z
x y z z
3
3
• • •
• • •
x y z
x y z
•
3
8
•
•
x
z
1 •
3
8
x
z
=
3
8
x
z
Factor the numerator
and denominator
Divide out the
common factors.
Write in simplified
form.
13. Problem 2
a
a a
+
+ +
3
4 32 = a
a a
+
+ +
3
3 1( ) ( )
Factor the numerator
and denominator
a
a
+
+
3
3
•
1
1a +
1 •
1
1a +
= 1
1a +
Divide out the
common factors.
Write in simplified
form.
You Try It
14. Problem 3
3 1 5
7 1 02
x
x x
−
− +
= 3 5
5 2
( )
( ) ( )
x
x x
−
− −
x
x
−
−
5
5
•
3
2x −
1 •
3
2x −
=
3
2x −
Factor the numerator
and denominator
Divide out the
common factors.
Write in simplified
form.
You Try It
15. Problem 4
You Try It
x x
x x
2
2
2 1 5
1 2
− −
− −
=
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
x x
x x
− +
− +
5 3
4 3
x
x
+
+
3
3
•
x
x
−
−
5
4
1 •
x
x
−
−
5
4
=
x
x
−
−
5
4
Factor the numerator
and denominator
Divide out the
common factors.
Write in simplified
form.
16. Problem 5
1 4 3 5 2 1
1 2 3 0 1 8
2
2
x x
x x
+ +
+ +
=
7 2 5 3
6 2 6 3
2
2
( )
( )
x x
x x
+ +
+ +
( )
( )
2 5 3
2 6 3
2
2
x x
x x
+ +
+ +
•
7
6
1 •
7
6
=
7
6
You Try It
Factor the numerator
and denominator
Divide out the
common factors.
Write in simplified
form.
26. Restrictions on
Rational Expressions
For what value of x is undefined?x x
x
2
2 1 5
4 2 0
− −
−
It is undefined for any value of “x” which makes the
denominator zero.
4 2 0 0x − =
4 5 0( )x − =
x − =5 0
x − + = +5 5 0 5
x = 5
The restriction is
that x cannot
equal 5.
27. YOU TRY IT
What are the excluded values of the variables for
the following rational expressions?
1
4 2
1 4
3 2
2 3
.
y z
y z
2
3 6
2 1 2
2
.
x
x
−
−
3
4 1 2
2 8
2
2
.
c c
c c
+ −
+ −