The document discusses 16 types of tenses in English grammar. It begins with an introduction to pronouns and then defines and provides examples of each tense, including: simple present, present continuous, present perfect, present perfect continuous, simple past, past continuous, past perfect, past perfect continuous, simple future, future continuous, future perfect, simple past future, past future perfect, past future perfect continuous, gerund and infinitive forms. Examples are given to illustrate positive, negative and interrogative sentences for each tense. Irregular and regular verbs are also distinguished.

1. 16 Kinds of Tenses

2. Introduction to Pronounce
Pronounce as Subject
I You We
They He She
It
Pronounce as Object
Me You Us
Them Him Her
it
Pronounce as Possessive Adjective
My Your Our
Their His Her
Its

3. Simple Present Tense
• Example:
• + : she works everyday in this office
• - : she doesn’t work here everyday
• ? : does she work here everyday?
For positive context
Subject V
I/ you/ they/ we V1 (simple)
He/ She/ It V1+s
Formula:
Subject + V1
For negative and question
Subject Auxiliary
V1
I/ you/ they/ we do
He/ She/ It does
• Example:
• + : he loves me
• - : he doesn’t love me
• ? : does he love me?

4. Present Continuous/ Progressive Tense
For negative sentence:
Add ‘Not’ after the auxiliary
Formula:
Subject + is/am/are + Ving
• Example:
• + : Anwar is eating his meal
• - : Anwar is not eating his meal
• ? : Is Anwar eating his meal?
For positive context
Subject Be (Auxiliary) V
I Am
Ving
He/ She/ It Is
you/ they/ we are
• Example:
• + : Miss tia is teaching right now
• - : miss tia is not teaching right now
• ? : is miss tia teaching right now?

5. Present Perfect Tense
• Example:
• +: Mother has opened her store
• -: Mother has not opened her store
• ?: Has mother opened her store?
Formula:
Subject + have/has + V3
Present perfect
Subject Auxiliary
V3
I/ you/ they/ we have
He/ She/ It has
For negative sentence:
Add ‘Not’ after the auxiliary
• Example:
• +: Miss Tia has taught English lesson to me in July
2022
• -: miss Tia has not taught English lesson to me in July
2022
• ?: has miss tia taught English lesson to me in July
2022?

6. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
• Example:
• +: Alisa has been living in this village for 3 years
• - : Alisa has not been living in this village for 3 years
• ?: Has Alisa been living in this village for 3 years?
Formula:
Subject + have/has + been+ Ving
For positive and questions
Subject Auxiliary
Been Ving
I/ you/ they/ we have
He/ She/ It has
For negative sentence:
Add ‘Not’ after the auxiliary
• Example:
• +: miss tia has been teaching English
lesson to me for 3 months
• -: miss tia has not been teaching
English to me for 3 years
• ?: has miss tia been teaching English
lesson to me for 3 months?

7. Types of words
• Verb = kata kerja
• Adjective = kata sifat
• Noun = kata benda
• Simple present tense  subject + V1 (kalo kita punya verb)
• She eats the apple
• She sleeps in the bedroom
• Kalo kita ga punya verb  kalimatnya ada subject + adjective/ noun
• Dia(subject) cantik(adjective)  she is beautiful (tambahkan aux)
• Mereka(subject) adalah orang yang kuat(adjective)  they are strong

8. Simple Past Tense
• Example:
• + : she called her mother this morning
• - : she did not call her mother this morning
• ? : did she call her mother this morning?
For positive context
Subject V
I/ you/ they/ we V2
He/ She/ It
Formula:
Subject + V2
For negative and question
Subject Auxiliary
V1
I/ you/ they/ we Did
He/ She/ It
Take notes to regular and irregular verb!
• Example:
• + : I went to the zoo yesterday
• - : I didn’t go to the zoo yesterday
• ? : did I go to the zoo?

9. Regular and Irregular Verb
IRREGULAR VERB
V1 V2 V3
BECOME
BUY
BEGIN
FEEL
FALL
DRINK
EAT
COME
MAKE
RISE
GIVE
SING
SWIM
REGULAR VERB
V1 V2 V3
TRY Tried Tried
ACCEPT
ACCOMPANY
CAUSE
CREATE
DEVELOP
CALL
IRREGULAR VERB WHICH JUST THE SAME
V1 V2 V3
CUT
HURT
LET

10. Regular and Irregular Verb
IRREGULAR VERB
V1 V2 V3
BECOME Became Become
BUY Bought Bought
BEGIN Began Begun
FEEL Felt Felt
FALL Fell Fallen
DRINK Drank Drunk
EAT Ate Eaten
COME Came Come
MAKE Made Made
RISE Rose Risen
GIVE Gave Given
SING Sang Sung
SWIM Swam Swum
REGULAR VERB
V1 V2 V3
TRY Tried Tried
ACCEPT accepted Accepted
ACCOMPANY Accompanied Accompanied
CAUSE Caused Caused
CREATE Created Created
DEVELOP Developed Developed
CALL Called Called
IRREGULAR VERB WHICH JUST THE SAME
V1 V2 V3
CUT Cut Cut
HURT Hurt Hurt
LET Let let

11. Past Continuous/ Progressive Tense
For negative sentence:
Add ‘Not’ after the auxiliary
Formula:
Subject + was/were + Ving
Example:
• + : I was eating my Samyang when she woke up
• - : I was not eating my Samyang when she woke up
• ? : was I eating my Samyang when she woke up?
For positive context
Subject Be (Auxiliary) V
I was
Ving
He/ She/ It
you/ they/ we were • Example:
• + : I was studying when my cat woke up
• - : I was not studying when my cat woke up
• ? : was I studying when my cat woke up?

12. Past Perfect Tense
• Example:
• +: She had spent her money to clothes before her husband came back home
• -: She had not spent her money to clothes before her husband came back home
• ?: Had She spent her money to clothes before her husband came back home?
Formula:
Subject + had + V3
Present perfect
Subject Auxiliary
V3
I/ you/ they/ we had
He/ She/ It
For negative sentence:
Add ‘Not’ after the auxiliary

13. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
• Example:
• +: She had been learning English all day
• -: She had not been learning English all day
• ?: Had she been learning English all day?
Formula:
Subject + had + been + Ving
Present perfect
Subject Auxiliary
Ving
I/ you/ they/ we Had been
He/ She/ It
For negative sentence:
Add ‘Not’ after the auxiliary
Menekankan pada suatu kejadian di
masa lalu yang berlangsung dan
sudah selesai pada titik waktu
tertentu
• Example:
• +: I had been working as a teacher for 2 years
• -: I had not been working as a teacher for 2 years
• ?: had I been working as a teacher for 2 years?

14. Simple Future Tense
• Example:
• + : she will go to her office
• - : she will not go to her office
• ? : will she go to her office?
Formula:
Subject + will/ be going to + V1
For positive
Subject Auxiliary
V1
I/ you/ they/ we Will/ be going to
He/ She/ It
For negative sentence:
Add ‘Not’ after the auxiliary
• Example:
• + : I will go to cafe
• - : I will not go to cafe
• ? : will I go to café?

15. Future Continuous/ Progressive Tense
For negative sentence:
Add ‘Not’ after the auxiliary
Formula:
Subject + will + be+ Ving
• Example:
• + : I will be cooking dinner tonight
• - : I will not be cooking dinner tonight
• ? : will I be cooking dinner tonight?
For positive context
Subject Be (Auxiliary) V
I
Will be Ving
He/ She/ It
you/ they/ we
Menekankan pada sesuatu yang
PASTI akan BERLANGSUNG di masa
depan
• Example:
• + : I will be going to Bekasi tonight
• - : I will not be going to Bekasi tonight
• ? : will I be going to Bekasi tonight?

16. Future Perfect Tense
• Example:
• +: she will have completed her assignment by tomorrow
• -: she will not have completed her assignment by tomorrow
• ?: will she have completed her assignment by tomorrow
Formula:
Subject + will + have + V3
Present perfect
Subject Auxiliary
V3
I/ you/ they/ we
Will have
He/ She/ It
For negative sentence:
Add ‘Not’ after the auxiliary
Menekankan suatu kehendak/
rencana yang pasti akan selesai di
masa depan

17. Simple Past Future Tense
For negative sentence:
Add ‘Not’ after the auxiliary
Formula:
Subject + would/ was – were going to
+ infinitive
• Example:
• + : She would forgive you
• - : She would not forgive you
• ? : Would she forgive you?
For positive context
Subject Be (Auxiliary) V
I Would
Was going to
Were going to
V1
He/ She/ It
you/ they/ we
Membuat kalimat untuk masa depan
dari sudut pandang masa lalu
Biasanya digunakan dalam kalimat
tidak langsung/ reported speech

18. Past Future Perfect Tense
For negative sentence:
Add ‘Not’ after the auxiliary
Formula:
Subject + would + have + V3
• Example:
• + : I would have visited Paris in 2020, (if the pandemic had not happen)
• - : I would not have visited Paris in 2020
• ? : Would I have visited Paris in 2020
For positive context
Subject Auxiliary V
I
Would have V3
He/ She/ It
you/ they/ we
Suatu kejadian yang diharapkan
selesai di masa lalu, tapi nyatanya
tidak terlaksana

19. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense
• Example:
• +: I would have been working in oil company for six year
• -: I would not have been working in oil company for six year
• ?: Would I have been working in oil company for six year?
Formula:
Subject + would + have + been + Ving
Present perfect
Subject Modals Auxiliary
Ving
I/ you/
they/ we
Would Have been
He/ She/ It
For negative sentence:
Add ‘Not’ after the auxiliary
Suatu asumsi/ pengandaian yang
diharapkan berlangsung di masa lalu
Menekankan pada durasi

20. GERUND AND INFINITIVE

21. GERUND and INFINITIVE
basically are verb, but in
some cases it is used as
subject or noun
INFINITIVE
To + V1
GERUND
V1-ing

22. Gerund and Infinitive as Noun
I need a glass of water to drink
I like swimming every week

23. Gerund and Infinitive as Subject
To study hard makes us clever
Delivering the package to customer is courier’s duty

24. Who – Whom - Whose

25. Who
As a subject pronoun to indicate a person/ thing that performs the
action
Alice is receiving the flowers  who receive the flower?
Mc Clagen drinks the wine in his own bar  who drinks the wine?
By asking ‘who’, we can know the person/ subject that performs the
action
To explain the ‘person’ which previously mentioned
1
2
The woman who is standing right there is my sister
Nanda, who is my student, replies my chat
The ‘who’ explaining the subject

26. Whom
As an object to indicate a person/ thing that receive the action
Alison gives her husband a cake  whom do Alison give the cake?
Anya choose James as the leader  whom Anya choose as the leader?
By asking ‘who’, we can know the object of an action
To explain the ‘person’ which previously mentioned
1
2
The woman whom I met is a dancer ( I meet a woman, she is a dancer)
The man whom you greet is the boss (you greet the man, who is a boss)
The ‘whom’ explaining the object

27. Whose
As a possessive pronounce, refers to what ‘a thing’ belongs to
Jasson brings his father’s new watch today  whose watch is it?
Samy’s house is robbed  whose house is robbed?
By asking ‘whose’, we can know the owner of something
To explain the item someone’s belong
1
2
The woman whose hat is black standing in front of the bank
The kid whose toys were left here is actually my neighbor

28. Ka Nanda’s story (ngomongin temen kantor)
• Konten:
• Beberapa bestie di kantor
• Apa yang mereka miliki (barang)
• Keinginan mereka di masa depan
Aku bekerja di BNI dan aku memiliki 2 teman dekat. Yang pertama, seorang wanita
yang badannya sangat kecil dan baru menikah. Dia akan memiliki baby karena saat
ini dia sedang hamil. Yang kedua, seorang laki-laki yang sedang jatuh cinta karena
dia baru putus dari pacarnya yang selingkuh. 2 orang yang selalu ada di sampingku
tersebut selalu menyemangati pekerjaanku.
I am working at BNI and I have 2 close friends. The first one, she is have a small body and she’s married. She will
have a baby because currently she’s pregnant. The second one, he’s a man who falling in love because he just
broke up with an ex-girl fried who cheat on him. They are always beside me and encourage my work.
I am working at BNI and I have 2 close friends. The first one, a married woman whose body is small. She will
have a baby because currently she’s pregnant. The second one, a falling in love-man who just broke up with his
cheating girlfriend. They are always beside me and encourage my work.

29. Plant-eating animal: tanaman yang makan hewan
animal-eating plant: hewan yang makan tumbuhan

30. The use of tenses
• Simple present tense  general knowledge, habit, theory
• Present continuous tense  kegiatan yg SEKARANG BGT terjadi
• Present perfect tense  hal yg SUDAH terjadi/ general statement, tp gatau kapan
• Present perfect continuous tense  suatu proses yang terjadi di masa lalu dan
sampe sekarang banget masih terjadi, menekankan pada DURASI
• Simple past tense  hal yang terjadi di masa lalu. DAN TIDAK LAGI BERLANJUT
• Past continuous tense  suatu hal yang BERLANGSUNG di masa lalu, ketika HAL
LAIN terjadi
• Past perfect tense  hal yang SUDAH TERJADI di masa lalu dan SUDAH BERHENTI
JUGA
• Past perfect continuous tense  suatu proses yang MENEKANKAN PADA DURASI
tapi udah ga terjadi lagi sampe sekarang