Ik

1. SOLID STATE
• Solids have definite mass, volume and shape due to the fixed positions of their
constituent particles.
Classifications of solid
Crystalline solid Amorphous solid
Molecular solid
Ionic solid
Metallic solid
Covalent solid
Non-Polar
Polar
H-Bonded

2. Crystalline solid:- The arrangement of building constituents is regular throughout the
entire three dimensional network.
Example:-H2, HCl, Quartz etc.
Amorphous Solid :-The arrangement of building constituents is not regular.
Examples:- Glass, Rubber, Plastic etc.
Anisotropic in crystals is due to
different arrangement of particles
along different directions.

3. Difference between Crystalline solid and Amorphous Solid
Crystalline solid
Amorphous solid

4. Molecules
Ar, CCl4
Different types of Crystalline solids
Types of
solid
Constituent
particles
Bonding Examples Physical
nature
Electrical
Conductivity
Melting
Point
Molecular
Solids
1.Non-Polar
2.Polar
3.H-Bonded
1.Dispersion or
London forces
2.Dipole-Dipole
Interaction
3.H-bonding
HCl,SO2
H2O
Soft
Soft
Hard
Insulator
Insulator
Insulator
Very Low
Low
Low
Ionic Solid Ions Coulombic
forces
NaCl,
MgO
Hard but Brittle
Insulators in
Solid but
molten in
liquids
High

5. Types of
solid
Constituent
particles
Bonding Examples Physical
nature
Electrical
Conductivity
Melting
Point
Metallic
bonds
Positive ions in
sea of
delocalised
electrons
Metallic
bonding
Fe, Cu
Hard but
malleable
and ductile
Conductors
in solid state
as well as in
molten state
Fairly
High
Covalent or
networks
solids
Atoms Covalent
bonding
Quartz,
Diamond Hard Insulators
Conductor
Very
High

6. ●
●
α β γ
CrystalLattice &Unit Cell

7. ⍺ ≠ 𝝲
≠ ⍺ ≠ 𝝲
≠ ≠ ⍺ ≠ 𝝲
≠ ⍺ ≠ 𝝲
⍺ ≠ 𝝲 ≠
≠ ≠ ⍺ 𝝲 ≠ ≠
≠ ≠ ⍺≠ ≠ ≠ 𝝲 ≠
SevenCrystalSystemwithDimensions

8. Crystal Systems Possible
Variation
Axial distances
or Edge lengths
Axial angles Examples
Cubic Primitive, BCC FCC a=b=c α= β=γ= 90⁰ NaCl, KCl, Cu, Diamond,
Zinc Blende
Tetragonal Primitive, BCC a=b≠c α= β=γ= 90⁰ White tin, SnO2, CaSO4,
TiO2,
Orthorhombic or
Rhombic
Primitive, BCC FCC
EC
a≠b≠c
α= β=γ= 90⁰
KNO3,BaSO4,Rhombic
Sulphur,-
Hexagonal Primitive a=b≠c α= β=90⁰, γ= 120⁰ Graphite, ZnO, HgS, Mg,
Zn
Rhombohedral or
Trigonal
Primitive a=b=c α= β=γ≠90⁰ Calcite, HgS, ICI, As, Sb,
Bi
Monoclinic Primitive, EC a≠b≠c α= γ=90⁰, β≠90⁰ Monoclinic
Sulphur,PbCrO4

9. No.ofatomsin aUnitCell

10. ClosePackinginCrystals
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11. ClosePackinginCrystals
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12. ClosePackinginCrystals
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13. ClosePackinginCrystals
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14. TypesofVoidsin 3-D closepacking

15. Relationshipbetweena, d&r

16. Packing Efficiency

17. Packing Efficiency

18. Packing Efficiency

19. RadiusRatio

20. DensityofUnit Cell
𝝆
=
Z x M
a3 x N A
𝝆

21. Imperfectionsin Solids

22. Stoichiometric Defect

23. ●
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●
Stoichiometric Defect
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24. Non-Stoichiometric Defect
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25. Non-Stoichiometric Defect

26. Non-Stoichiometric Defect
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27. Impurity Defect