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MS-21 JAN JUNE 2016 SOLVED ASSIGNMENT

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MS-21 JAN JUNE 2016 IGNOU MBA SOLVED ASSIGNMENT

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Sample Assignment Jan June 2016 MS-21 Course Code MS - 21 Course Title Social Processes and Behavioral Issues Assignment Code MS-21/TMA/SEM - I/2016 Assignment Coverage All Blocks MBA Help Material Provided by Unique Tech Publication Unauthorized copying, selling and redistribution of the content is prohibited. This Material is provided for your reference only. The utility of this content will be lost by sharing. Please do not share this material with others. To know price of this assignment & For more inquiry visit: http://ignousolvedassignmentsmba.blogspot.in/ Dharmendra Kumar Singh ignousolvedassignmentsmba@gmail.com Mail us- ignou4you@gmail.com School of Management Studies INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY MAIDAN GARHI, NEW DELHI – 110 068
This is sample copy, Only for viewing. You cannot copy or take print of this copy.  1. Describe the emerging scenario of corporate governance and business ethics. Collect instances of corporate governance and business ethics practices followed by organisations. Briefly describe the organizations you are referring to. Emerging scenario of ------------------------------------------------ and business ethics- Corporate governance refers to the set of systems, principles and processes by which a company is governed. They provide the guidelines as to how the company can ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ in a manner that adds to the value of the company and is also beneficial for all stakeholders in the long term. Stakeholders in this case would include ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ customers, employees and society. The management of the company hence assumes the role of a trustee for all the others. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------, that fulfils the purpose of Corporate Governance. Corporate Governance is the application of best management practices, compliance of law in true letter and spirit and adherence to ethical standards for effective management and distribution of wealth and discharge of social responsibility for sustainable development of all stakeholders. Equally, in the resultant competitive ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- of fast changing business environment will be the new success factors. Companies function in a world of exponentially shortening product and service life cycles. Where customer preferences and technologies -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- the fuel of innovation. In the opinion of some experts the twenty first century competition is characterized by at least three fundamental paradigms shifts: 1. Ability of ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- and seamlessly; 2. Ability to --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- voice, data, and video. 3. Mobility of -------------------------------------------------------------------- the world. Corporate governance is in essence determination of how -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------creating new standards of speed, efficiency and productivity across all sectors. Corporate governance is proclaimed to be the only global highway for corporate success in the present rapidly changing economic environment. If corporate governance ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------ and socio-economic landscapes, fast paced technology and emergence of multilateral trading system, the some factors underscore the need for good corporate governance as below:  Globalization--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- expectations.  Advancements in --------------------------------------------------- E-Commerce.  Strategic alliances, -----------------------------------------------------------.  Intellectual ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ societal concerns.  Business --------------------------------------------------------------  Sustainable development
 Energy audit, environmental up gradation.  Need for ----------------------------------------------------------------- competition. Objective of Good Governance: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ for the benefit of all can best be achieved through the twin components of:  An "Inclusive" approach to directors' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------, as well as the short-term Implications of their actions, with a view to achieving company successes for the benefit of shareholders as a whole.  Wider public accountability: this Is ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- publication of a broad operating and financial review which explains the company's performance, strategy and relationships. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ The credibility of the business system, world trade, globalization and the new emerging economic order depends on good corporate governance. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- is to create wealth legally and ethically. It translates to bringing a high level of ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- and the society-at large. The every corporate body is to ensure predictability, sustainability and profitability of revenues year after year. Xerox, Enron and Arthur ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------. Corporate Governance is attracting the concern of investors and the public in general. There is a need for transparency, social accountability and social responsibility. Organisations are required to comply with legal requirements, ensure respect for people, communities and the environment. An example of -------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- in government. It empowers the citizens to access government files through incredibly simple mechanisms of filling a form and submitting it to the department concerned. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------are experiencing pressures both from the government and public to become transparent in their dealings with and accountable to various stakeholders like the public, the government, customers, and the employees. On the other hand, there is compulsion on the part of the organizations to maintain high level of efficiency, productivity and competitive edge for their sheer survival. Instances of ------------------------------------- and business ethics- Business Ethics and Corporate Governance discusses the theories of ethics and corporate governance, and explains how they can be applied in various business situations. The ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- and managers to gain a deeper appreciation of the role of ethics and corporate governance in building successful businesses. With the growing strength of consumer movements and rising levels of awareness among stakeholders, corporations are realizing that stakeholders ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, tax- evasion, poor quality products and services, kick-backs, non-compliance with environmental issues, and hazardous working conditions.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ They regard corporate governance as a control mechanism that ensures the optimum use of the human, physical and financial resources of an enterprise. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- putting appropriate corporate governance mechanisms in place. Corporate governance is the -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------and managing employees is the first priority for managers, as it holds the highest repercussions, both personal and fiscal, for all parties involved. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ At its most basic, ethical behavior can first be derived via the laws, rules, and regulations of the country in which a business operates. In the United States, workers ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------are entitled to breaks. When working in dangerous conditions, employees are entitled to protective gear and training. Example 1- Corporate governance philosophy of Infosys International Inc. ----------------------------------------------: 1. Satisfy --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- standards should go beyond the law. 2. Be transparent -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------, disclose. 3. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- and corporate resources. 4. Communicate ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- internally. 5. Comply ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ operate. 6. Have a ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ the business needs. 7. Management is the trustee of the shareholders' capital and not the owner. Example 2-
Corporate governance has most recently been debated after the corporate fraud by Satyam founder and chairman Ramalinga Raju. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------and that the cash reserve with the company was minimal. Ironically, Satyam had received the Golden Peacock Global Award for Excellence in Corporate Governance in September 2008 but was stripped of it soon after Raju's confession. Good Corporate governance in Tata Power:- Company’s Philosophy on Corporate Governance ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This philosophy has been sought to be strengthened through the Tata Code of Conduct, the Tata Business Excellence Model and the Tata Code for --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- its energies and resources in creating and safeguarding of shareholders’ wealth, and at the same time, protect the interests of all its stakeholders. In addition to these, ---------------------------------------------------------------------- under Clause 49 of the Listing Agreements. Tata Code of Conduct The fountainhead of the corporate ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- Brand name by virtue of this commitment. It draws its strength from the five Tata values:  -----------------------------------  ------------------------------------------------  Excellence  ------------------------------------  -------------------------------------- In Tata parlance they stand for – Integrity- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- the test of public scrutiny. ---------------------- We must be caring, ------------------------------------------------------ colleagues and customers around the world, and always working for the benefit of India.  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- standards in Your day-to-day work and in the quality of the goods and services we provide.  --------------------------------- colleagues across the group and with Your ----------------------------------------------- world, building strong relationships, --------------------------------------- cooperation.  Responsibility- We must ---------------------------------------------------------------- in which we work, always ensuring that what comes from the people goes back to ------------------------------------------------------- the lowest common Tata denominator – the way others see the Tata Group.
 -------------------- For consistency and faithful implementation of the corporate objectives of Tata Power, the Board has followed certain management practices even prior ------------------------------------------------------------- Audit Committee, Remuneration Committee, etc. 2. Describe the process of perception. How behaviour is influenced by perception? Explain with the help of examples Perception- Perception refers to ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- T-shirt to wear or how fast to run away from a bear. Perception Process- The perceptual process is ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- interpretation of those stimuli. This process is typically unconscious and happens hundreds of thousands of times a day. An unconscious process is simply ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- your brain to interpret the light falling onto your retinas from ------------------------------------------------------------------------------. When you step out into a chilly night, your brain does not need to be told "cold" because the stimuli trigger the processes and categories automatically. 1. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- to, but our brains do not have the resources to pay attention to everything. Thus, the first step of perception is the (usually unconscious, but sometimes intentional) decision of what to attend to. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ stimulus or something new. When we attend to one specific ------------------------------------------------- sound, or something else entirely—it becomes the attended stimulus. 2. Organization- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3. Interpretation- After we have attended to a -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, we interpret it in a way that makes sense using our existing information about the world. Interpretation simply means that we --- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Rubin's Vase illusion mentioned earlier, some individuals will interpret the sensory information as "vase," while some will interpret it as "faces." This happens -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, we can better understand and react to the world around us. How behaviour is influenced by perception- Our behavior sometimes ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------. We review findings that suggest that the social knowledge that is incidentally activated while reading words or imagining events subsequently affects participants' behaviors across a range of ostensibly unrelated domains. There are two types of perception; the -------------------------------------------------------------- and their world. The only perception you have control over is your own. It is just not possible to control the perception of others. For example, --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- someone else thinks it’s too cold. No amount of discussion or arguing will resolve the difference in perception. Our own behavior is influenced by -------------------------------------------------------------- with the perception of people we know and who are close to us, we are even sensitive to the perception of complete strangers. Therefore, we ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------concern for how you are perceived. How you perceive your world influences your attitude, which in turn effects what you attract. If you perceive a world of abundance, your actions and ----------------------------------------------------------------------- you need, you worry more about conserving what you have rather than attaining those things you want and need. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------- As you encounter various circumstances, do you perceive solutions and success or do you envision problems and failure? Successful people ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- have a tendency to find problems in every situation. There is a solution for every problem. It’s your perception that enables you discover it.
What about life in general? -------------------------------------------------------------------- have a much greater degree of happiness than someone who perceives it --------------------------------------------------------------------------- of reasons justifying their perception. However, the person with a good perception will provide just as many reasons for his or her position. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------- Also, don’t allow others to taint your perception with theirs. You may be accused of being unrealistic or viewing the world through ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. The most important thing is your perception of your life. Example- IBM had a new ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------to project and flip the perception. Instead, they focused on hitting some of the milestones and focus on what the product enabled, including helping put a man on the moon and ticketing systems for airline companies. They went into some ------------------------------------------------------------ how they have changed their industries and the world. The Engines of Progress clients included -------------------------------------------------------------------- own right have had an impact, and here are their stories in their words: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ In addition to celebrating what IBM had accomplished with current clients, they also wanted to start focusing on cultivating Generation Z. They ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------“Master the Mainframe” which was a three round gaming contest designed to introduce mainframe gaming to the new generation. The five finalists -------------------------------------------------------------- the 50th anniversary celebration. IBM was able to bring the next generation of skills into the fold to celebrate the anniversary of one of their first products. Results Beyond the ----------------------------------------------------------------- in changing the minds of their customers, potential customers, and their community at large. ---------------------------------------------- had:  More ----------------------------------------------------------
 There ---------------------------------------- about the campaign  -------------------------------------------------- hosted around the world  ------------------------------------------------------ own events to support the campaign.  This was incredibly ---------------------------------------------------------- about the platform throughout the process.  Overall, -------------------------------------------------------- over year The lesson of this experience wasn’t -------------------------------------------------------------------------- they found something contemporary with a credible story and linked these two things to help market and sell their platform. 3. What is persuasion? Explain the relevance of persuasion in organizations citing examples. Persuasion is an umbrella term of influence. Persuasion can attempt to influence a person's beliefs, attitudes, intentions, motivations, or behaviors. In business, persuasion is a process aimed at changing a person's (or a group's) attitude or behavior ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . Heuristic persuasion on the other hand is the process through which attitudes or beliefs are leveraged by appeals to habit or emotion. Business today is largely run by teams and populated by authority-averse baby boomers and Generation Xers. That makes persuasion more important --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------. The former is a function of product or process knowledge and the latter a history of listening to and working in the best interest of others. But even if a persuader’s credibility is high, his position must make sense–even more, it must appeal–to the audience. Therefore, a persuader must -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------, and examples to make their positions come alive. Finally, -------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------t, planning, and compromise. Relevance of persuasion in organizations- Organizations are constantly --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (customers, employees, regulators, etc) to do things. The need to persuade is on-going. Approaches to the Study of Persuasion There are two broad approaches to the study of persuasion in organizations: rhetorical and from a social science perspective. 1. -----------------------------------------—the communicator uses an array of verbal, nonverbal, and visual symbols to change attitudes and opinions or gain ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ —in their persuasive arguments. 2. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --- not buy the product. In other words, a person who has an opinion at odds with the choice they are asked to make will experience cognitive dissonance. They will either change their attitude or make a choice that creates cognitive dissonance. 1. Advertising- All organizations ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------their constituents view them. Termed "corporate advertising." 2. Public Relations— "First cousin" of advertising; important external communication. Goal is make the organization's "publics" or constituencies feel positive about the company. Large companies have a corporate communication department that may create specific "issue" advertisements. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------you don't act like a good company, then what you say won't matter much. Solid corporate reputations take long to build but can crumble down in short order. J&J example vs. Exxon--classic case studies of how to respond and how not to respond to crises. 3. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---for success in this field. That works for one may not for another; different industries, locations, etc. 4. Labor Negotiations— ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------person not the issues; directed at more emotional and personal attacks. 5. Organizational Influence-- Between and among members of the company. Bosses and workers each want to know how to get what they need---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- power have more assets available to them. 6. Organizational Change— • Such change has ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- and even government. • Change ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- of all. • Often ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ done things." • Changing from ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- for many, yet very much a reality in most of today’s organizations. • Team ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ existed in many organizations. • Technology ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- intimidating and expose our weaknesses.
7. Diversity— This and the next category (-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------- But we all need to equally be respectful of those cultures contrary to our own. UTA provides an excellent “training lab” of sorts for students to adapt to and work with people (future employees) who come from different backgrounds and hold differing frames of reference than themselves. 8. Globalization— • The --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- and political by nature. • Organizations must get beyond --------------------------------------------------------------- others. • -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- internationally. • Dept. of ------------------------------------------------------------ will benefit in this regard. • Not just --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- be critical. • Not ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- business does. Example- Solutions In Mind's ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------- Case Example: Training High-Level Managers to Function Optimally As a Cohesive Unit during a Time of Change ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ They initially retained Solutions In Mind to present a one-day advanced team-building workshop. Rather than offering just another “experiential” or “game” scenario, we solved their challenge by designing a workshop that incorporated advanced strategies in the areas of peak performance and team dynamics. The Solution We began by conducting an ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ to be beneficial and not beneficial in past trainings. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- our workshop, and what had to happen for them to know that it was a valuable use of their time and resources. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ The Results Our initial workshop ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------the role of coaching individual executives who were seen to be key team members. 4. Roles and norms are control mechanisms of groups. Discuss with the help of examples.
A collection ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, common feeling of camaraderie, and who work together to achieve a common set of goals. In the business world, --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------is more independent of each other. Thus a group can be ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------/common goals only. For example, four managers from sales, quality, R&D, ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------may join groups to satisfy their power needs, others may join to fulfil their affiliation needs. Interdependence emphasizes that each member of the group influences and gets influenced by the behaviour of other members. Control mechanisms of groups- Roles In order ------------------------------------------------------------------------- members must be linked into coherent patterns of activities and relationships. This is achieved through the 'role structure' of the organization. A 'role' is the expected pattern of -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- a particular position within a group or the structure of the organization. --------------------------------------------------- members, different role emerge in the group. For example, a group responsible for providing -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------the results and prepare the final report and send to client system. It also describes how a person perceives their own situation. The formal organisational relationship (line, functional, staff or lateral) can be seen as forms of role relationships. These individual authority relationships determine the pattern of interaction with other roles. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ The role or roles, that the individual plays within the group is influenced by a combination of :
 Situational factors, such ----------------------------------------------------, position in the communication network: and  Personal factors, -------------------------------------------------------------------and personality. The role that a person plays in one work group may be quite different from the role that person plays in other work groups. However, everyone within a group is expected to behave in a particular manner and to fulfill certain role expectations. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Role Congruence An important feature of role relationship is the concept of `role congruence'. This means that a member of staff should not be perceived as having a high -------------------------------------------------------------------------------. Difficulties with role congruence can arise from the nature of groupings and formal relationships within the structure of the organization. An example of. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------- Role Expectations Many role expectations are prescribed formally and indicate what the person is expected to do and their duties and obligations. Formal role prescriptions provide guidelines for expected behaviours, Examples are a written contract of -------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- from superiors. Formal role expectations may also be derived clearly from the nature of the task. They may, in part at least be defined legally, for example the --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- auditor under the Local Government Acts. Group Norms- Group norms are the informal rules ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------and reduce ambiguity in groups. Groups do not ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------ by some members and not others. For example, university ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------tolerable. Some norms require strict adherence, but others do not. Understanding how group norms -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------a group's norms are functional, and addressing counterproductive norms with subordinates. Norms usually develop slowly ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------behaviors from past situations. Why are group norms enforced? The most important reason is to ensure group survival. They are also enforced to simplify or make predictable the expected behavior of group members. That is, they are enforced to help groups avoid embarrassing interpersonal problems, to express the central values of the group, and to clarify what is distinctive about it. As one could expect there are several different types of generally understood norms. They are: Performance norms: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. They are informal cues, if you will, that tells a person or helps a person understand how hard they should work and what type of output they should have. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- appearance should be - what fashion we should wear or how we should style our hair or any number of areas related to how we should look. Social arrangement norms: When we talk about this type of norm we generally do not equate it to a business setting. This norm is centered on how we should act in --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------get a closer connection to the group. Resource allocation norms: For -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------- resource found or needed within an organization. From Individual to Group: Norms and Roles 1. A group’s culture, --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- and maintains the group. Structuration processes apply to face-to-face interaction, as well as to groups appropriating computer technology. 2. All groups ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------- the formation stage to the production stage, but members always need to deal simultaneously with socioemotional and task concerns, at all stages. 3. Group socialization ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------, and effective socialization influences other group processes, such as norms and roles. Socialization involves antecedent, anticipatory, encounter, assimilation, and exit phases. 4. Whereas -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------—with the tacit approval of the members themselves. This holds true with some modification in groups using computer-mediated communication. 5. With their personal ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------ and maintenance functions to be performed; self-oriented roles detract from the group’s purpose. 6. Effective management of role structure is relevant to within-group processes, as well as intergroup processes. The Organization I am referring is Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group (now referred as Reliance Group and legally Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Ventures Limited) is --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------globe. The shareholder base is ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- sectors across India including technology, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, manufacturing, aviation, natural resources, food and beverages, hospitality, transportation and logistics. Reliance group was founded by --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------, Reliance Capital and RNRL. This led to a new beginning called Reliance. Later this group entered the power sector through Reliance Power, and the entertainment sector by acquiring Adlabs. -------------------------------------------- Team ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------on strategic plans, divide work equitably and work together to develop new ideas and concepts. Forming the Right Team ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.Strife within the group can decrease productivity, whereas a work environment where teammates are amicable toward one another has the potential for increased productivity. Providing Appropriate Direction For a team ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------backgrounds of team members. Accountability One of the ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------to complete work on time, all of which have the potential to slow the productivity of the entire team. Team Support Just as team members should be accountable to one another for performance outcomes, teams that effectively support other members can increase productivity as well. In any group there are individuals who naturally fall into leadership roles and those who have greater stamina than others in terms of productivity. When team members self-assign tasks that each is best suited for, it leads to a team dynamic in which each individual is using his own strengths and talents for the betterment of the group, leading to increased productivity and quality of product.
5. Define political behaviour and enlist the factors that contribute to organisational politics citing examples. Political behaviour Politics are present in just about every organization out there. The main issue is if those politics are legitimate or illegitimate and how they impact the work environment. We will look at this issue in this lesson. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ In the business world, we can see that politics is ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- on their particular interests. The challenge is these individuals can do this either legitimately or illegitimately with varying reasons and consequences. Looking at politics ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------- part of everyday life in the business world. For example, you might need a --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------own agenda. So, by now you're thinking, okay, Rob, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------world and will do whatever they have to to obtain it. As simple as it sounds, and this is where it gets kind of abstract, illegitimate politics goes against the spoken and unspoken rules of the business game. The reason it's abstract is those rules are in the eye of the beholder. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Negative organisational politics may be very destructive for an organisation. This has been identified as one of the major sources of stress within modern businesses. Negative politics includes the use of subversive methods to promote a personal agenda which may undermine organisational objectives, distract energy away from organisational goals and compromise the interests, cooperation and fulfilment of other employees. Such tactics may include filtering or distortion of information, non- cooperation, allocating blame, reprisals, dishonesty, obstructionism and threats. Impression management is another ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------is an ethical question that relates to a leaders credibility and integrity. Often, political behaviour and manoeuvring within an organisation is caused by uncertainty[1] , such as unclear objectives, poorly defined decisions, competition and change. A leader's influence may be used to smother a political climate that promotes such negative politics.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Factors that contribute to organisational politics- Politics in workplace is a tool to attain, retain & -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------- aka perceived power 1. Availability of Information- Poon ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ charged if they believe that: They lack information about job objectives, job opportunities and the outcome of job performance Trust levels are low among organisational members (members are suspicious of motives, intentions and prospective actions of other members) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2. ------------------------- This is largely ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------evaluation of similar output 3. Struggle for Power Every organisation is an economic ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------employees seems to be headed for opposite directions 4. Comparison As one moves higher up in the ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------of measuring his self esteem, takes over an individual. There is a perceived attrition in one’s own power base as another peer becomes better. This maybe due to visible organisational rewards or a sense of falling on personal standards 5. Limited resources ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6. Subjectivity of Evaluation
Another reason ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- that in turn determines compensation is subjective that leads to the same cycle of impression management in the eyes of ones superior. 7. Compliance or Commitment? Following orders from -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------, but also towards preserving the power of the superior. Examples- 1. If everyone in ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------different goals. For example, software ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------- other hand, line managers may simply want a design which enables them to communicate with one another. 2. Scarcity can prompt political activity if there are competing claims upon resources. For example, ----------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- budget is allocated only for twenty. 3. At the root of office -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------. For example, if six ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------be planning their exit, as they are driven to stay in control, not to face a revelation which would expose their behavior. 4. During times of organizational change, --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------may advertise their knowledge and cause power rifts in the current organizational structure. Examples of these ------------------------------------------------- size and structure. 5. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ transition, keep politics to a dull roar by clearly communicating how the company is doing. For example, if the ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------behind the scenes.
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MS-21 JAN JUNE 2016 SOLVED ASSIGNMENT

  • 1. Sample Assignment Jan June 2016 MS-21 Course Code MS - 21 Course Title Social Processes and Behavioral Issues Assignment Code MS-21/TMA/SEM - I/2016 Assignment Coverage All Blocks MBA Help Material Provided by Unique Tech Publication Unauthorized copying, selling and redistribution of the content is prohibited. This Material is provided for your reference only. The utility of this content will be lost by sharing. Please do not share this material with others. To know price of this assignment & For more inquiry visit: http://ignousolvedassignmentsmba.blogspot.in/ Dharmendra Kumar Singh ignousolvedassignmentsmba@gmail.com Mail us- ignou4you@gmail.com School of Management Studies INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY MAIDAN GARHI, NEW DELHI – 110 068
  • 2. This is sample copy, Only for viewing. You cannot copy or take print of this copy.  1. Describe the emerging scenario of corporate governance and business ethics. Collect instances of corporate governance and business ethics practices followed by organisations. Briefly describe the organizations you are referring to. Emerging scenario of ------------------------------------------------ and business ethics- Corporate governance refers to the set of systems, principles and processes by which a company is governed. They provide the guidelines as to how the company can ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ in a manner that adds to the value of the company and is also beneficial for all stakeholders in the long term. Stakeholders in this case would include ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ customers, employees and society. The management of the company hence assumes the role of a trustee for all the others. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------, that fulfils the purpose of Corporate Governance. Corporate Governance is the application of best management practices, compliance of law in true letter and spirit and adherence to ethical standards for effective management and distribution of wealth and discharge of social responsibility for sustainable development of all stakeholders. Equally, in the resultant competitive ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- of fast changing business environment will be the new success factors. Companies function in a world of exponentially shortening product and service life cycles. Where customer preferences and technologies -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- the fuel of innovation. In the opinion of some experts the twenty first century competition is characterized by at least three fundamental paradigms shifts: 1. Ability of ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- and seamlessly; 2. Ability to --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- voice, data, and video. 3. Mobility of -------------------------------------------------------------------- the world. Corporate governance is in essence determination of how -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------creating new standards of speed, efficiency and productivity across all sectors. Corporate governance is proclaimed to be the only global highway for corporate success in the present rapidly changing economic environment. If corporate governance ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------ and socio-economic landscapes, fast paced technology and emergence of multilateral trading system, the some factors underscore the need for good corporate governance as below:  Globalization--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- expectations.  Advancements in --------------------------------------------------- E-Commerce.  Strategic alliances, -----------------------------------------------------------.  Intellectual ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ societal concerns.  Business --------------------------------------------------------------  Sustainable development
  • 3.  Energy audit, environmental up gradation.  Need for ----------------------------------------------------------------- competition. Objective of Good Governance: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ for the benefit of all can best be achieved through the twin components of:  An "Inclusive" approach to directors' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------, as well as the short-term Implications of their actions, with a view to achieving company successes for the benefit of shareholders as a whole.  Wider public accountability: this Is ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- publication of a broad operating and financial review which explains the company's performance, strategy and relationships. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ The credibility of the business system, world trade, globalization and the new emerging economic order depends on good corporate governance. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- is to create wealth legally and ethically. It translates to bringing a high level of ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- and the society-at large. The every corporate body is to ensure predictability, sustainability and profitability of revenues year after year. Xerox, Enron and Arthur ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------. Corporate Governance is attracting the concern of investors and the public in general. There is a need for transparency, social accountability and social responsibility. Organisations are required to comply with legal requirements, ensure respect for people, communities and the environment. An example of -------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- in government. It empowers the citizens to access government files through incredibly simple mechanisms of filling a form and submitting it to the department concerned. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------are experiencing pressures both from the government and public to become transparent in their dealings with and accountable to various stakeholders like the public, the government, customers, and the employees. On the other hand, there is compulsion on the part of the organizations to maintain high level of efficiency, productivity and competitive edge for their sheer survival. Instances of ------------------------------------- and business ethics- Business Ethics and Corporate Governance discusses the theories of ethics and corporate governance, and explains how they can be applied in various business situations. The ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- and managers to gain a deeper appreciation of the role of ethics and corporate governance in building successful businesses. With the growing strength of consumer movements and rising levels of awareness among stakeholders, corporations are realizing that stakeholders ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, tax- evasion, poor quality products and services, kick-backs, non-compliance with environmental issues, and hazardous working conditions.
  • 4. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ They regard corporate governance as a control mechanism that ensures the optimum use of the human, physical and financial resources of an enterprise. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- putting appropriate corporate governance mechanisms in place. Corporate governance is the -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------and managing employees is the first priority for managers, as it holds the highest repercussions, both personal and fiscal, for all parties involved. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ At its most basic, ethical behavior can first be derived via the laws, rules, and regulations of the country in which a business operates. In the United States, workers ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------are entitled to breaks. When working in dangerous conditions, employees are entitled to protective gear and training. Example 1- Corporate governance philosophy of Infosys International Inc. ----------------------------------------------: 1. Satisfy --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- standards should go beyond the law. 2. Be transparent -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------, disclose. 3. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- and corporate resources. 4. Communicate ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- internally. 5. Comply ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ operate. 6. Have a ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ the business needs. 7. Management is the trustee of the shareholders' capital and not the owner. Example 2-
  • 5. Corporate governance has most recently been debated after the corporate fraud by Satyam founder and chairman Ramalinga Raju. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------and that the cash reserve with the company was minimal. Ironically, Satyam had received the Golden Peacock Global Award for Excellence in Corporate Governance in September 2008 but was stripped of it soon after Raju's confession. Good Corporate governance in Tata Power:- Company’s Philosophy on Corporate Governance ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This philosophy has been sought to be strengthened through the Tata Code of Conduct, the Tata Business Excellence Model and the Tata Code for --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- its energies and resources in creating and safeguarding of shareholders’ wealth, and at the same time, protect the interests of all its stakeholders. In addition to these, ---------------------------------------------------------------------- under Clause 49 of the Listing Agreements. Tata Code of Conduct The fountainhead of the corporate ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- Brand name by virtue of this commitment. It draws its strength from the five Tata values:  -----------------------------------  ------------------------------------------------  Excellence  ------------------------------------  -------------------------------------- In Tata parlance they stand for – Integrity- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- the test of public scrutiny. ---------------------- We must be caring, ------------------------------------------------------ colleagues and customers around the world, and always working for the benefit of India.  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- standards in Your day-to-day work and in the quality of the goods and services we provide.  --------------------------------- colleagues across the group and with Your ----------------------------------------------- world, building strong relationships, --------------------------------------- cooperation.  Responsibility- We must ---------------------------------------------------------------- in which we work, always ensuring that what comes from the people goes back to ------------------------------------------------------- the lowest common Tata denominator – the way others see the Tata Group.
  • 6.  -------------------- For consistency and faithful implementation of the corporate objectives of Tata Power, the Board has followed certain management practices even prior ------------------------------------------------------------- Audit Committee, Remuneration Committee, etc. 2. Describe the process of perception. How behaviour is influenced by perception? Explain with the help of examples Perception- Perception refers to ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- T-shirt to wear or how fast to run away from a bear. Perception Process- The perceptual process is ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- interpretation of those stimuli. This process is typically unconscious and happens hundreds of thousands of times a day. An unconscious process is simply ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- your brain to interpret the light falling onto your retinas from ------------------------------------------------------------------------------. When you step out into a chilly night, your brain does not need to be told "cold" because the stimuli trigger the processes and categories automatically. 1. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- to, but our brains do not have the resources to pay attention to everything. Thus, the first step of perception is the (usually unconscious, but sometimes intentional) decision of what to attend to. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ stimulus or something new. When we attend to one specific ------------------------------------------------- sound, or something else entirely—it becomes the attended stimulus. 2. Organization- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  • 7. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3. Interpretation- After we have attended to a -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, we interpret it in a way that makes sense using our existing information about the world. Interpretation simply means that we --- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Rubin's Vase illusion mentioned earlier, some individuals will interpret the sensory information as "vase," while some will interpret it as "faces." This happens -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, we can better understand and react to the world around us. How behaviour is influenced by perception- Our behavior sometimes ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------. We review findings that suggest that the social knowledge that is incidentally activated while reading words or imagining events subsequently affects participants' behaviors across a range of ostensibly unrelated domains. There are two types of perception; the -------------------------------------------------------------- and their world. The only perception you have control over is your own. It is just not possible to control the perception of others. For example, --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- someone else thinks it’s too cold. No amount of discussion or arguing will resolve the difference in perception. Our own behavior is influenced by -------------------------------------------------------------- with the perception of people we know and who are close to us, we are even sensitive to the perception of complete strangers. Therefore, we ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------concern for how you are perceived. How you perceive your world influences your attitude, which in turn effects what you attract. If you perceive a world of abundance, your actions and ----------------------------------------------------------------------- you need, you worry more about conserving what you have rather than attaining those things you want and need. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------- As you encounter various circumstances, do you perceive solutions and success or do you envision problems and failure? Successful people ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- have a tendency to find problems in every situation. There is a solution for every problem. It’s your perception that enables you discover it.
  • 8. What about life in general? -------------------------------------------------------------------- have a much greater degree of happiness than someone who perceives it --------------------------------------------------------------------------- of reasons justifying their perception. However, the person with a good perception will provide just as many reasons for his or her position. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------- Also, don’t allow others to taint your perception with theirs. You may be accused of being unrealistic or viewing the world through ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. The most important thing is your perception of your life. Example- IBM had a new ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------to project and flip the perception. Instead, they focused on hitting some of the milestones and focus on what the product enabled, including helping put a man on the moon and ticketing systems for airline companies. They went into some ------------------------------------------------------------ how they have changed their industries and the world. The Engines of Progress clients included -------------------------------------------------------------------- own right have had an impact, and here are their stories in their words: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ In addition to celebrating what IBM had accomplished with current clients, they also wanted to start focusing on cultivating Generation Z. They ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------“Master the Mainframe” which was a three round gaming contest designed to introduce mainframe gaming to the new generation. The five finalists -------------------------------------------------------------- the 50th anniversary celebration. IBM was able to bring the next generation of skills into the fold to celebrate the anniversary of one of their first products. Results Beyond the ----------------------------------------------------------------- in changing the minds of their customers, potential customers, and their community at large. ---------------------------------------------- had:  More ----------------------------------------------------------
  • 9.  There ---------------------------------------- about the campaign  -------------------------------------------------- hosted around the world  ------------------------------------------------------ own events to support the campaign.  This was incredibly ---------------------------------------------------------- about the platform throughout the process.  Overall, -------------------------------------------------------- over year The lesson of this experience wasn’t -------------------------------------------------------------------------- they found something contemporary with a credible story and linked these two things to help market and sell their platform. 3. What is persuasion? Explain the relevance of persuasion in organizations citing examples. Persuasion is an umbrella term of influence. Persuasion can attempt to influence a person's beliefs, attitudes, intentions, motivations, or behaviors. In business, persuasion is a process aimed at changing a person's (or a group's) attitude or behavior ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . Heuristic persuasion on the other hand is the process through which attitudes or beliefs are leveraged by appeals to habit or emotion. Business today is largely run by teams and populated by authority-averse baby boomers and Generation Xers. That makes persuasion more important --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------. The former is a function of product or process knowledge and the latter a history of listening to and working in the best interest of others. But even if a persuader’s credibility is high, his position must make sense–even more, it must appeal–to the audience. Therefore, a persuader must -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------, and examples to make their positions come alive. Finally, -------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------t, planning, and compromise. Relevance of persuasion in organizations- Organizations are constantly --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (customers, employees, regulators, etc) to do things. The need to persuade is on-going. Approaches to the Study of Persuasion There are two broad approaches to the study of persuasion in organizations: rhetorical and from a social science perspective. 1. -----------------------------------------—the communicator uses an array of verbal, nonverbal, and visual symbols to change attitudes and opinions or gain ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  • 10. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ —in their persuasive arguments. 2. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --- not buy the product. In other words, a person who has an opinion at odds with the choice they are asked to make will experience cognitive dissonance. They will either change their attitude or make a choice that creates cognitive dissonance. 1. Advertising- All organizations ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------their constituents view them. Termed "corporate advertising." 2. Public Relations— "First cousin" of advertising; important external communication. Goal is make the organization's "publics" or constituencies feel positive about the company. Large companies have a corporate communication department that may create specific "issue" advertisements. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------you don't act like a good company, then what you say won't matter much. Solid corporate reputations take long to build but can crumble down in short order. J&J example vs. Exxon--classic case studies of how to respond and how not to respond to crises. 3. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---for success in this field. That works for one may not for another; different industries, locations, etc. 4. Labor Negotiations— ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------person not the issues; directed at more emotional and personal attacks. 5. Organizational Influence-- Between and among members of the company. Bosses and workers each want to know how to get what they need---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- power have more assets available to them. 6. Organizational Change— • Such change has ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- and even government. • Change ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- of all. • Often ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ done things." • Changing from ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- for many, yet very much a reality in most of today’s organizations. • Team ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ existed in many organizations. • Technology ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- intimidating and expose our weaknesses.
  • 11. 7. Diversity— This and the next category (-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------- But we all need to equally be respectful of those cultures contrary to our own. UTA provides an excellent “training lab” of sorts for students to adapt to and work with people (future employees) who come from different backgrounds and hold differing frames of reference than themselves. 8. Globalization— • The --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- and political by nature. • Organizations must get beyond --------------------------------------------------------------- others. • -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- internationally. • Dept. of ------------------------------------------------------------ will benefit in this regard. • Not just --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- be critical. • Not ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- business does. Example- Solutions In Mind's ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------- Case Example: Training High-Level Managers to Function Optimally As a Cohesive Unit during a Time of Change ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ They initially retained Solutions In Mind to present a one-day advanced team-building workshop. Rather than offering just another “experiential” or “game” scenario, we solved their challenge by designing a workshop that incorporated advanced strategies in the areas of peak performance and team dynamics. The Solution We began by conducting an ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ to be beneficial and not beneficial in past trainings. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- our workshop, and what had to happen for them to know that it was a valuable use of their time and resources. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ The Results Our initial workshop ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------the role of coaching individual executives who were seen to be key team members. 4. Roles and norms are control mechanisms of groups. Discuss with the help of examples.
  • 12. A collection ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, common feeling of camaraderie, and who work together to achieve a common set of goals. In the business world, --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------is more independent of each other. Thus a group can be ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------/common goals only. For example, four managers from sales, quality, R&D, ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------may join groups to satisfy their power needs, others may join to fulfil their affiliation needs. Interdependence emphasizes that each member of the group influences and gets influenced by the behaviour of other members. Control mechanisms of groups- Roles In order ------------------------------------------------------------------------- members must be linked into coherent patterns of activities and relationships. This is achieved through the 'role structure' of the organization. A 'role' is the expected pattern of -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- a particular position within a group or the structure of the organization. --------------------------------------------------- members, different role emerge in the group. For example, a group responsible for providing -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------the results and prepare the final report and send to client system. It also describes how a person perceives their own situation. The formal organisational relationship (line, functional, staff or lateral) can be seen as forms of role relationships. These individual authority relationships determine the pattern of interaction with other roles. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ The role or roles, that the individual plays within the group is influenced by a combination of :
  • 13.  Situational factors, such ----------------------------------------------------, position in the communication network: and  Personal factors, -------------------------------------------------------------------and personality. The role that a person plays in one work group may be quite different from the role that person plays in other work groups. However, everyone within a group is expected to behave in a particular manner and to fulfill certain role expectations. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Role Congruence An important feature of role relationship is the concept of `role congruence'. This means that a member of staff should not be perceived as having a high -------------------------------------------------------------------------------. Difficulties with role congruence can arise from the nature of groupings and formal relationships within the structure of the organization. An example of. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------- Role Expectations Many role expectations are prescribed formally and indicate what the person is expected to do and their duties and obligations. Formal role prescriptions provide guidelines for expected behaviours, Examples are a written contract of -------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- from superiors. Formal role expectations may also be derived clearly from the nature of the task. They may, in part at least be defined legally, for example the --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- auditor under the Local Government Acts. Group Norms- Group norms are the informal rules ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------and reduce ambiguity in groups. Groups do not ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------ by some members and not others. For example, university ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------tolerable. Some norms require strict adherence, but others do not. Understanding how group norms -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  • 14. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------a group's norms are functional, and addressing counterproductive norms with subordinates. Norms usually develop slowly ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------behaviors from past situations. Why are group norms enforced? The most important reason is to ensure group survival. They are also enforced to simplify or make predictable the expected behavior of group members. That is, they are enforced to help groups avoid embarrassing interpersonal problems, to express the central values of the group, and to clarify what is distinctive about it. As one could expect there are several different types of generally understood norms. They are: Performance norms: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. They are informal cues, if you will, that tells a person or helps a person understand how hard they should work and what type of output they should have. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- appearance should be - what fashion we should wear or how we should style our hair or any number of areas related to how we should look. Social arrangement norms: When we talk about this type of norm we generally do not equate it to a business setting. This norm is centered on how we should act in --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------get a closer connection to the group. Resource allocation norms: For -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------- resource found or needed within an organization. From Individual to Group: Norms and Roles 1. A group’s culture, --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- and maintains the group. Structuration processes apply to face-to-face interaction, as well as to groups appropriating computer technology. 2. All groups ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------- the formation stage to the production stage, but members always need to deal simultaneously with socioemotional and task concerns, at all stages. 3. Group socialization ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------, and effective socialization influences other group processes, such as norms and roles. Socialization involves antecedent, anticipatory, encounter, assimilation, and exit phases. 4. Whereas -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------—with the tacit approval of the members themselves. This holds true with some modification in groups using computer-mediated communication. 5. With their personal ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------ and maintenance functions to be performed; self-oriented roles detract from the group’s purpose. 6. Effective management of role structure is relevant to within-group processes, as well as intergroup processes. The Organization I am referring is Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group (now referred as Reliance Group and legally Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Ventures Limited) is --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  • 15. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------globe. The shareholder base is ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- sectors across India including technology, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, manufacturing, aviation, natural resources, food and beverages, hospitality, transportation and logistics. Reliance group was founded by --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------, Reliance Capital and RNRL. This led to a new beginning called Reliance. Later this group entered the power sector through Reliance Power, and the entertainment sector by acquiring Adlabs. -------------------------------------------- Team ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------on strategic plans, divide work equitably and work together to develop new ideas and concepts. Forming the Right Team ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.Strife within the group can decrease productivity, whereas a work environment where teammates are amicable toward one another has the potential for increased productivity. Providing Appropriate Direction For a team ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------backgrounds of team members. Accountability One of the ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------to complete work on time, all of which have the potential to slow the productivity of the entire team. Team Support Just as team members should be accountable to one another for performance outcomes, teams that effectively support other members can increase productivity as well. In any group there are individuals who naturally fall into leadership roles and those who have greater stamina than others in terms of productivity. When team members self-assign tasks that each is best suited for, it leads to a team dynamic in which each individual is using his own strengths and talents for the betterment of the group, leading to increased productivity and quality of product.
  • 16. 5. Define political behaviour and enlist the factors that contribute to organisational politics citing examples. Political behaviour Politics are present in just about every organization out there. The main issue is if those politics are legitimate or illegitimate and how they impact the work environment. We will look at this issue in this lesson. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ In the business world, we can see that politics is ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- on their particular interests. The challenge is these individuals can do this either legitimately or illegitimately with varying reasons and consequences. Looking at politics ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------- part of everyday life in the business world. For example, you might need a --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------own agenda. So, by now you're thinking, okay, Rob, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------world and will do whatever they have to to obtain it. As simple as it sounds, and this is where it gets kind of abstract, illegitimate politics goes against the spoken and unspoken rules of the business game. The reason it's abstract is those rules are in the eye of the beholder. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Negative organisational politics may be very destructive for an organisation. This has been identified as one of the major sources of stress within modern businesses. Negative politics includes the use of subversive methods to promote a personal agenda which may undermine organisational objectives, distract energy away from organisational goals and compromise the interests, cooperation and fulfilment of other employees. Such tactics may include filtering or distortion of information, non- cooperation, allocating blame, reprisals, dishonesty, obstructionism and threats. Impression management is another ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------is an ethical question that relates to a leaders credibility and integrity. Often, political behaviour and manoeuvring within an organisation is caused by uncertainty[1] , such as unclear objectives, poorly defined decisions, competition and change. A leader's influence may be used to smother a political climate that promotes such negative politics.
  • 17. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Factors that contribute to organisational politics- Politics in workplace is a tool to attain, retain & -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------- aka perceived power 1. Availability of Information- Poon ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ charged if they believe that: They lack information about job objectives, job opportunities and the outcome of job performance Trust levels are low among organisational members (members are suspicious of motives, intentions and prospective actions of other members) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2. ------------------------- This is largely ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------evaluation of similar output 3. Struggle for Power Every organisation is an economic ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------employees seems to be headed for opposite directions 4. Comparison As one moves higher up in the ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------of measuring his self esteem, takes over an individual. There is a perceived attrition in one’s own power base as another peer becomes better. This maybe due to visible organisational rewards or a sense of falling on personal standards 5. Limited resources ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6. Subjectivity of Evaluation
  • 18. Another reason ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- that in turn determines compensation is subjective that leads to the same cycle of impression management in the eyes of ones superior. 7. Compliance or Commitment? Following orders from -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------, but also towards preserving the power of the superior. Examples- 1. If everyone in ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------different goals. For example, software ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------- other hand, line managers may simply want a design which enables them to communicate with one another. 2. Scarcity can prompt political activity if there are competing claims upon resources. For example, ----------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- budget is allocated only for twenty. 3. At the root of office -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------. For example, if six ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------be planning their exit, as they are driven to stay in control, not to face a revelation which would expose their behavior. 4. During times of organizational change, --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------may advertise their knowledge and cause power rifts in the current organizational structure. Examples of these ------------------------------------------------- size and structure. 5. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ transition, keep politics to a dull roar by clearly communicating how the company is doing. For example, if the ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------behind the scenes.
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