ethics in chemical sciences

1. Ethics In Scientific
Research
PRESENTED BY
MR.DEEPAK PATKAR
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2. Overview
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• Definition
• History
• Objectives
• Principles
• Issues
• Why should there be research ethics?
• Indian scenario
• Guidelines
• Scientific misconduct
• What is ethical and what is not
• Factors
• Implementation
• Procedure for ethical clearance
• Conclusion
• Acknowledgement
• References
“Ethics in Chemistry” is a
huge topic with various
viewpoints and arguments on
what it actually is and what
compliance to ethical
guidelines and participation
in ethical discourse imply,
covering principles of science
and research ethics,
profession ethics, and
technology ethics. Overview
and clarity are lost easily.
Abstract

3. Definition
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“research ethics” refers to a
diverse set of values, norms
and institutional regulations
that help constitute and
regulate scientific activity History
1932-Tuskegee syphlis study
1933-1945 -Nazi medical experiments
1947- Noremberg Code
1950-1970- Willowbrook study
1960 Jewish chronic disease hospital study
1968- Helsinki Declaration
1979- Belmont Report
1993- CIOMS (Council for International
Organizations of Medical Sciences)
2005- UNESCO (United Nations Educational,
Scientific, and Cultural Organization)
Ethical issues in chemistry
BP Texas City Plant 3-05
BP oil spill in Alaska
BP Oil Spill -2010
• Ethics: principles for guiding
decision making and reconciling
conflicting values
• Research ethics concerns the
responsibility of researchers to
be honest and respectful to all
individuals who are affected by
their research studies or their
reports of the studies’ results.
• People may disagree on ‘ethics’
because it is based on people's
personal value systems
• What one person considers to be
good or right may be considered
bad or wrong by another person

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TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS STUDY(1932)
• U S Public Health Service initiated the
study in town of Tuskegee, Alabama
• Research subjects were divided into two
groups
• One group of 400 men who had
untreated syphilis
• Control group of 200 men without
syphilis
• Mistreatment of human subjects in Nazi
experiments led to the development of
Nuremberg Code (1949)
• Nuremberg Code contains guidelines for
Voluntary consent
• Withdrawal of subjects from study
• Protection of subjects from physical and
mental
• suffering, injury, disability, and death
• The balance of benefits and risks in the study
NUREMBERG CODE- 1949

5. NAZI MEDICALEXPERIMENTS
(1933-1945)
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• Atrocious, unethical activities
implemented in Third Reich in Europe
from 1933-1945
• Programs included sterilisation,
euthanasia, and numerous medical
experiments in Nazi concentration
camps
• Sterilised Jews whom Nazis considered
as racial enemies
• Medical experiments involved
exposing to high altitudes, freezing
temperature, malaria, poisons,
typhus fever, untested drugs and
surgery without anaesthesia
• Selection of subjects was racially
based
• Subjects had no opportunity to
refuse the participation JEWISH CHRONIC DISEASE HOSPITAL STUDY
(1960)

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Greater care can be exercised to protect
subjects from harm
Strong, independent justification for
exposing
a healthy volunteer to substantial risk of
harm
Investigators must protect life and health of
research subjects
• DECLARATION OF HELSINKI (1964)
WILLOWBROOK STUDY(1950-1970)
1. Research on hepatitis by Dr. Krugman at
Willowbrook among mentally retarded
children
2. Early subjects were fed extracts of stool
from infected individuals
3. Latersubjects received injections of
purified virus
4. Parents were forced to give permission for
the child to be a subject

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Ethical issues in chemistry
Chemicals and
waste disposal
Licensing of scientific
computer programs Tissue regeneration

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Another Disaster in Texas City April
16, 1947, fire and detonation of
~2,300 tons of ammonium nitrate
being loaded on board the French-
registered vessel SS Grandcamp in
the port at Texas City, killing
581people.
mms://powerhost.powerstream.n
et/002/00174/051222bp/BPAnima
tions.wmv
BP Texas City Plant 3-05
15 people dead
180 Injured
$1.6 Billion spent to settle 1000
claims

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BP oil spill in Alaska
• March 2006
– 6,4000 bbl oil over 1.9 acres
– Neglected
• Corrosion monitoring
– Cut team size
• pipeline service
• Neglected multiple cries from employees
– Guilty to negligent discharge of oil
• fined US$20 million

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BP Oil Spill -2010
11 Dead
The incident occurred during
the start-up of an
isomerisation (ISOM) unit
when a raffinate splitter tower
was overfilled and over-
heated. When liquid
subsequently filled the
overhead line, the relief valves
opened. This caused excessive
liquid and vapour to flow to
blowdown drum and vent at
top of the stack.
BPAccident

11. Objectives of Research Ethics
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• to protect human participants
• to ensure that research is conducted in a way that serves
interests of individuals, groups and/or society as a whole
• to examine specific research activities and projects for their ethical soundness,
protection of confidentiality and the process of informed consent.
• Discuss what is meant by and why there should be ethical
standards in Bio-Chemical research
• Identify ethical issues in Bio-Chemical Medical research which
would amount to scientific misconduct
• Explain the role of an ethics review committee
• Construct a set of guidelines for members of ethics review
committees
• to increase the awareness for the moral pitfalls of chemical activity.
• to promote the compliance to ethical standards.
• to support whistle-blowing.
• to help establishing an environment that gives incentives for morally acceptable
conduct of a chemical profession.

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13. Some specialized principles of research ethics
1. Scientific Honesty: Do not commit scientific fraud, i.e. do not
fabricate, fudge, trim, cook, destroy, or misrepresent data.
2. Carefulness: Strive to avoid careless errors or sloppiness in
all aspects of scientific work.
3. Intellectual Freedom: Scientists should be allowed to pursue
new ideas and criticize old ones. They should be free to
conduct research they find interesting.
4. Openness: i.e. share data, results, methods, theories,
equipment, and so on. Allow people to see your work, be
open to criticism.
5. The principle of credit: Do not plagiarize the work of other
scientists, give credit where credit is due (but not where it is
not due).
6. The principle of public responsibility: Report research in
the public media when a) the research has an important
and direct bearing on human happiness and b) the research
has been sufficiently validated by scientific peers.
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14. ISSUES
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The Internal Domain
The External Domain

15. The Internal Domain
Good Scientific Practice Scientists, engineers, and researchers perform their
activities in a regime characterized by professionalism and responsibility.
Therefore, it is important to follow guidelines of good scientific practice
and refrain from misconduct—in other words: ensure a high degree of
scientific integrity.
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Publication of Chemical Research
• cover aspects of authorship (adding authors to a paper who actually didn’t
contribute anything to it, like the PI of a PhD student or PostDoc, or honorary
authorships),
• peer reviewing (rejecting papers or grants for reasons of competition, theft of
research ideas or results),
• fairness of impact factors as quality indicators and their power over a
researcher’s career prospects, influence of external stakeholders on the
publication of results (for example industrial collaborators with financial
interests, publishers, institute directors, etc.), citation practices, and others.
• Since citation has an impact on priority, ranking, and visibility of researchers,
their work and potential future prospects, the act of citing, mis-citing, or not
citing has a strong influence on scientific practice and progress

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• Ignoring or violating safety regulations and guidelines for labs and
other workplaces and processes (for example transportation and
storage) that involve the handling of more or less harmful
chemical substances and compounds affects the safety of
individual labworkers, that of co-workers and colleagues, as well
as the local, regional, and in the worst case global public and
environment.
• . The responsibility often, but not always, lies in the hands of
individual practitioners or their institutions/corporations.
Safety Issues
• This aspect is a specific one for university scholars who,
besides doing chemical research, teach students and supervise
their master and doctoral theses. Reported conflicts arising
from the special situation of mentorship are discrimination,
sexual harassment
Education and Mentorship

17. • Chemistry’s Specialty: New Chemical Substances Chemists impact the world
and its societies with the design, fabrication, and distribution of chemical
compounds, some times with negative results that affect societies globally.
• When pointing out chemistry’s characteristics in comparison to other sciences,
one might find these three: creativity, flexible applicability, and inductive
knowledge. Each one is accompanied with ethical and social implications.
• The chemical researcher’s interest in career, fame, funding sources, etc., might
conflict with the goal to obtain ethically and socially sound achievements
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• Risk and Science under Uncertainty The debate on the responsibility for
implications, risks, and harm as well as benefits, is not solved and might
never be. Undoubtedly, chemists are not free from any responsibility.
• Sustainable Development Last but not least, chemistry and its progress is
intertwined with and embedded into the development of economy, society,
and culture. In the past decades, the term “sustainability” has extensively
been exploited to set impacts of science and technology and its governance
into a balanced perspective.
The External Domain

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Overview of internal and external ethical and social dimensions of chemistry
www.chemeurj.org

19. • Chemists are and will be more and more confronted with situations in which they
have to face an audience (research councils, media, public, etc.) that has science-
and technology-related questions and concerns that actually belong to the field
ofworldviews and values.
• Chemistry and its enactors depend on public trust and support in its institutional
and societal justification and performance. Therefore, it is also (but not only) the
chemists’ responsibility to create trust through a high degree of credibility and
reliability as experts when it comes to (public) discourses on risks and benefits of
science and technology or the ethical and social implications of scientific and
technological progress.
• Chemists as participants in this discourse who are aware of the social
interrelations and ethical implications of their work, and who show that in their
arguments and viewpoints, will earn more credibility and attention—and,
ultimately, more influence—than scientists whose focus is too narrowly confined
to their core expertise. Therefore, a necessity for chemists to look beyond the
borders of their professional expertise and to sharpen their awareness and
understanding of ethical and social dimensions of their work, can be identified.
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Why Ethics in Chemistry?

20. UNESCO: Ethical Guidelines
Finally, consider some professional ethics codes:
• IEEE code of ethics
• American Institute of Chemical Engineers code of ethics
• American Anthropological Association “Statements on Ethics”
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• Principal investigators
• Integrity of the research enterprise is maintained
• Potential benefit / harmful effects to the participants and society
• Consider the effects of his/her work, including the consequences or misuse
• Competent fashion
• Awareness of, local customs, standards
• laws and regulations
• informed consent
• Potential participants should be informed about
potentially harmful effectsFull confidentiality
• Participants should be offered access to
• research results
• Reported widely
• Acknowledged
• Preserved

21. Ethics in Chemistry
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22. • ETHICS AND CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS Chemical synthesis is an activity that can be
carried out in all three quadrants. Some of the ethical questions are the same in all three
situations, but the commercial production of chemicals does raise additional issues.
• Ethics in the Laboratory Chemistry is rooted in the laboratory where ideas,
knowledge, and technique come together. Getting a chemical reaction to work satisfactorily,
in a reasonable amount of time, and with a good yield can be tricky. A classic volumetric
analysis requires careful use of glassware: volumetric flasks, pipettes, and burettes. Accurate
weighing is an essential part of chemistry
• Chemical Weapons and Other Dangerous Substances A very difficult ethical
question for chemists is whether to conduct research on chemical weapons. These
substances are banned under the Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993, which has been
signed by nearly every country in the world including the United States. The Chemical
Weapons convention prohibits the development, production, stockpiling, and use of
chemical weapons. It also mandated the destruction of all chemical weapons and
destruction or conversion of all production facilities by 2007. Progress in accomplishing this
latter goal has been delayed, but most of the stockpiles of these weapons have been
destroyed and the production plants deactivated.
• Environmental Pollution and Green Chemistry Whatever the substance to be
made, there are ethical issues related to the method of production. Since its inception, the
modern chemical industry has been responsible for widespread environmental degradation
(BensaudeVincent and Simon, 2008).
• Codes of Ethics The Chemist’s Code of Conduct of the American Chemical Society
presumably applies to all chemists (American Chemical Society, 2012).
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23. Scientific misconduct
• Fraud : invention/fabrication of data
• Plagiarism : copying data, ideas, text without acknowledgement of source
• Piracy : infringement of a copyright
• Submitting/Publishing the same paper to different journal
• Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you
are the sole inventor
• Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the
colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
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• Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
• Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance
of your research
• Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press
conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
• Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge contributions of
others
• Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that
your project will make a significant contribution to the field
• Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who
can do it the fastest

24. • Sabotaging someone's work
• Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
• Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order
to obtain economic benefits
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• Overworking, neglecting, or exploiting research students
• Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of
author's submission
• Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by the
Review Board without informing the committee
• Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment Wasting
animals in research
• Exposing students and staff to biological risks
• Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
• Authorship and Other Publication Issues
• Interference
• Research with Animals
• Research with Human Subjects
• Fabrication and falsification
• Non-publication of data
• Faulty data-gathering procedures
• Poor data storage and retention
• Misuse of Privileged Information Data

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26. WHAT ETHICS IS AND WHAT IT IS NOT
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• A communal activity,
applying rational principles
and universal standards to
social life
• About real power relations
and responsible power
sharing
WHAT ETHICS IS WHAT ETHICS IS NOT
• About commitment to •
positive values
About negative code of
conduct, moral
prohibitions, disciplinary
rules
• A private matter, nor about
subjective feelings,
personal attitudes and
choices
• Introspective self
examination, or judging one’s
or other’s moral state

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WHAT ETHICS IS
• About active participation
in a moral community
• Problem solving activity
• An educational process
WHAT ETHICS IS NOT
• Personal reliance on
experts, lawyers,
philosophers or religious
authorities
• Interminable disputes,
or insoluble dilemma
• Occult processes

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IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS IN
RESEARCH
• Protects the vulnerable group and other study
participants
• Participants are safeguarded from exploitation
• Establishes risk-benefit ratio for study subjects
• Ensures fullest respect, dignity, privacy, disclosure
and fair treatment for subject
• Builds capability of subjects to accept or reject
participation in study

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FACTORS
Studies show that the unethical conduct is directly related
to the following factors:
• Increased academic expectations and a greater desire
for publishing papers;
• Personal ambition, vanity and desire for fame;
• Laziness;
• Greed, which is directly linked to the financial gain;
• Lack the moral capacity to distinguish right from wrong.

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Implementation
 Responsibility for conduct of research rests with the
principal investigator (PI);
 Responsibility for gaining appropriate ethical review
& monitoring lies with the institution employing the
PI and researchers;
 Research involving primary data collection or use of
organs/tissues etc. will ALWAYS raises some ethical
issues;
 Use of secondary datasets is often uncontroversial
BUT we cannot automatically assume so (e.g. novel
use of existing databases or data linkage)

31. Procedure for ethical clearance
• Fill ethical clearance form and attach
proposal, questionnaires, informed consent
forms, information leaflets etc., and submit
• When ethical clearance is granted, data
collection can commence according to the
approved methodology
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32. CONCLUSION
• If research is based on
If research is based on
a robust design and in a
safe and ethical
manner, it can be of
benefit to all
•Professional codes,
laws, regulations, and
ethics committees can
provide guidance but
ultimate determinant
rests with researcher’s
value system and moral
code

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to
my guide Dr. K.Das for his exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant
encouragement throughout the course of this serve. The blessing, help and
guidance given by him time to time shall carry me a long way in the journey of
life on which I am about to embark.
Lastly,I thank almighty,my friends for their constant encouragement without which
this assignment would not be possible.
DEEPAK PATKAR
20th Dec. 2019

34. References
• .Nuremberg Military Tribunal. The Nuremberg Code. JAMA 1996;276:1691.
• Krugman S. The Willowbrook Hepatitis Studies Revisited: Ethical Aspects. Rev Infect Dis 1986;8:157-62.
• Thatte U. Ethical issues in Clinical Research. In: Gupta SK, editor. Basic Principles of Clinical Research and
Methodology. 1st ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers; 2007. p. 58-73.
World Medical Association. Declaration of Helsinki-Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human
Subjects. 2008 October; Available from: URL: http://www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/
b3/index.html. [Last cited on 2010 Apr 13].
• National Commission for the protection of human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioural Research. The
Belmont Report. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office; 1979.
Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences. International ethical guidelines for biomedical
research involving human subjects. Geneva: Council for International Organization of Medical Sciences;
1993.
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• Center for bioethics, University of Minnesota. (2003). A guide to research ethics. Available at
http://www.ahc.umn.edu/img/assets/26104/Research_Ethics.p df
• National Committee for Research Ethics in Science and Technology. (2007). Guidelines for Research Ethics in Science and
Technology. Available at http://www.etikkom.no/Documents/English-
publications/Guidelines%20for%20research%20ethics%20in%20science%20and%20technology%20(2008).pdf
• Walton, N. (n.d.). What is Research Ethics? Available at http://www.researchethics.ca/what-is-research-ethics.htm
• www.bbk.ac.uk/.../research-ethics/ethics/2_Research_Ethics_in.
• The Ethical and Social Dimensions of Chemistry : Reflections, Considerations, and Clarifications by Jan Mehlich,*[a] Frank
Moser, [c] Brigitte Van Tiggelen,[d, e] Luigi Campanella,[f] and Henning Hopf[b]
• Ethics in Science: The Unique Consequences of Chemistry Jeffrey Kovac, Ph.D.

35. Thank You
Keep following ethical guidelines
while doing research
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