Introduction to NERFMT&TI Assam farm training institute

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INTRODUCTION TO NERFMTTI(ASSAM)
By- Mr. Khagendra Bora Date- 04-july-2016
Northern Eastern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute (NERFMT&TI),
Assam is not merely a name within the country among agricultural machinery
institutions but a living culture. Transformation of this culture is the end result of
untiring, dedicated and faithful services of a team of engineers, technicians and other
personnel for the last thirty-eight years in the field of farm mechanization. The institute
conducts training courses in operation, maintenance and repair of farm machinery and
equipment, and in the improved mechanized farming techniques for the benefits of
progressive farmers, tractor owners, technicians, in-service personnel and foreign
nationals sponsored under international co-operation programmes. Institute also
conducts energy conservation and management camps and arrange training
programmes for the women working in the field of agriculture. It is the official
institution in the country for the testing of combine harvesters, farm implements and
machinery, irrigation pumps, stationery power engines and plant protection equipment.

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LOCATION:
North bank of river Brahmaputra
Longitude range :- 92°16´ East -93°43´ East
Latitude Range :- 26°30´ North -27°01´ North
The institute located at about 275 kms. Aways from Guwahati and 4 kms from
Bishwanath chariali centre on Bishwanath ghat road in Bishwanath chariali distt.
& nearest airport is tezpur.
CLIMATE:
It lies in sub-tropical climatic region and enjoys monsoon type of climate
summers are hot and humid, with an average temperature of 29°c .summer rain is
heavy and its cause overflow and flood .Autumn are dry and warm.Winters are cold and
dry w3ith average temperature of 16°.
HOW TO REACH:
The institute located at about 275 kms. Aways from Guwahati and 4 kms from
Bishwanath chariali centre on Bishwanath ghat road in Bishwanath chariali dist.
&Nearest Railway station is vishwanath chariali railway station , nearest airport is
tezpur.
This training Centre is imparting training on the following courses:-
1. Study, selection, operation, maintenance, trouble shooting & Repair of Tractor
and Agriculture Implements, I.C. Engine, Irrigation Pumps, Plant Protection
Equipment, Straw & Grain Combine Harvesters etc.
2. Field practices on Tractor Operation with different matching implements.

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1. Agricultural implements
a. MB plough
b. Disc plough
c. Harrows
d. Cultivators
e. seed drills
f. Transplanter
g. Planter
h. Reaper cum binder
i. Harvester
j. Combine harvester
h. Subsoiler
k. Side shifting rotavator
l. Chopper
m. Aero blast sprayer
n. Laser land leveller
0. Reaper binder
p. Ground nut digger
q. power weeder.

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INTRODUCTION OF TRACTOR
Trainer:- Sh. A. Das (Sr. tech.) Date: 5-july-2016
Tractor:-
self-powered work vehicle, designed for pulling or pushing special machinery or
heavy loads over land. Tractors arewidely used in agriculture, building
construction, and road construction, and for specialized servicein industrial
plants, railway freight stations, and docks. Applications also include snowplows
and bulldozers ( Earth-Moving machine)
Types:-
There are two types of tractors: wheeled tractors, and crawler (track-laying)
tractors. Wheeled tractors generally have two large rear wheels with pneumatic
tires or ground-gripping metal lugs; they operate much like an automobile with a
gearshiftdrive. Power is usually provided by a diesel or a gasoline engine. Crawler
tractors are used for heavy pulling or pushing or for adverse terrain conditions.
These tractors move on heavy, metal tracks that form a loop around large geared
wheels; the wheels drive the metal tracks, and the tracks distribute the weight
over a wide area. Crawler tractors are well adapted to rough terrain, rice-land

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cultivation, and tillageoperations in loose and sandy soil. Lighter crawler tractors
are frequently used for work on the sides of steep hills where they are less likely
to overturn than wheeled tractors. The armored tank used in warfare is a military
adaptation of the crawler tractor.
Uses:-
Farm tractors are used for plowing, cultivating, grading, or cutting, or for driving
various agricultural machines.The use of tractors has revolutionized agriculture.
The power capability of the modern tractor has led to higher productivity with a
significantly reduced workforce. Early agricultural tractors were lumbering, heavy
steam-engine vehicles moving on spiked or cleated metal wheels. These were
rapidly replaced after the introduction of the general-purpose tractor in the
1920s, which by about 1933 featured the addition of pneumatic tires with rubber
gripping lugs. The engine, in addition to providing pulling power, also drives a
number of power take-off (PTO) shafts that can be used to operate accessory
machinery. Large or special purpose tractors may also have a hydraulic power
systemthat can be used to deploy or movevarious attachments such as bulldozer
blades or snowplows. In recent years there has been a trend from four-wheeled
to three-wheeled vehicles, where a single, central front wheel can operate more
successfully among crops planted or cultivated in rows.
Crawler tractors are employed extensively in the building industry, where cranes
or hoists are usually mounted directly on the tractor frame. The small,
comparatively low-powered electric tractor, deriving its motor power froma
storagebattery, has been put to many specialized uses, such as handling freight
and express material at railroad stations and steamship piers, and shifting
material in large industrial plants and warehouses. Electric tractors are usually
equipped with rubber-tired wheels. Other specialized tractors have been
designed for numerous applications. For example, specialized tractors are used in
mining operations, for many differentforms of earth moving, and in the steel
industry, whereoverhead tractors operate on tracks.

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CHECKSDURING,PREANDPOSTOPERATIONOFTRACTOR
Trainer:- Sh A. Das(Sr.Tech.) Date: 5-july-2016
Sh B.Nath (Sr.Tech.)
Operation performedbeforestarting a tractor:-
1. Fuel oil should be checked in the fuel tank. If it is not adequate, fuel oil
should be added to the tank.
2. Lubricating oil should be checked, if necessary it should be topped up.
3. Water in the radiator should be checked, if necessary it should be topped
up.
4. Air cleaner should be checked to see whether it is clean or blocked. If
blocked, it should be cleaned.
5. Transmission oilshould be checked by a dipstick, if necessary it should be
topped up.
6. Air pressurein the tyres should be checked and if necessary the tyres
should be inflated as recommended by the manufactures.
7. Fan belt should be checked by hand; if necessary it may be tightened or
loosened.
8. Greasepoints should be checked, to see whether they havebeen greased
or not.
9. Importantnuts and bolts should be checked. If any of them are loose, it
should be tightened.
10.The water level of the battery should be checked. If it is below the partition
wall, it should be filled up with distilled water.
Operation performed during operating a tractor:-

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1. When someunusualsounds areheard in the tractor, it should be stopped
immediately and the causeshould be ascertained.
2. If the battery charging indicator does not show the charging current, the
tractor should be stopped to find the cause.
3. If the oil pressureindicator does not show the normalpressure, the tractor
should be stopped to find the cause.
4. If the temperature gauge is not showing normaltemperature, the engine
should be stopped to find the cause.
5. If the black smokeis continuously coming out of engine, the load should be
decreased.
6. Gear should never be changed when the tractor is in motion.
7. Always engage the clutch gently.
8. While driving on roads both wheels are braked simultaneously.
9. Reduce the speed before making a turn or applying the brakes.
Operation performed after operating a tractor:-
1. After operating the tractor makeuse to stand it at the plane uniform
surfaceor land.
2. Apply the parking brakes after stopping the tractor.
3. Always lower down the all hitching implements after stopping the tractor.
4. Turn off the main switch.
DRIVING OF TRACTOR

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Trainer:- sh A. Das(Sr.Tech.) Date: 6-july-2016
Sh B.Nath(Sr. Tech.)
Method of starting a diesel tractor: -
In order to start a tractor, the following sequence should be followed:
1. Always go up fromleft side of the tractor.
2. Disengaged the parking brake.
3. Put the gear shift lever and PTO lever into neutral position.
4. Put the throttle lever in 3/4th
position.
5. Put the hydraulic controllever to the lowered position.
6. Depress the clutch pedal and turn the starting key to the on position. Thus
the tractor will be started.
Safety Precaution during Tractor Driving:-
 The tractor must be trained or only trained person should be allowed to
drive tractor.
 Before moving the tractor trolley around, that any obstacles on the road
or any person between the tractor and the implement should be
avoided.
 No one allow that any person to climb the tractor while it moving.
 Even minor repairing work should not be done while engine is running.
 On slope land always lock the brake pedal when leaving the tractor and
also gear should be in the neutral position.
 The night temp. Should be in perfect working condition while tractor is
driving in night.
 On steep slope the tractor should be put in low gear at the same time
while coming down the slope the tractor should not in neutral gear.
 When the tractor is moving in high speed then sharp turning should be
avoided.
 The clutch pedal should be generally pressed and released.
 The instruments on the controlpanel should be checked for their proper
working.

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 Always follow the traffic rules while driving the tractor on the road.
Main practices of driving we have done:-
 Tractor moving forward and backward.
 Tractor moving with trolley forward and backward.
 Making “8” sign in forward and backward
 Proper hitching by implements to the tractor.
All these practice has done in first gear.
Tractor provided to me:-
1. EICHER 241
2. New Holland 3030
3. John Deere 5310
4. TAFE
These are the tractors which are provided to me. I was appointed on round “A” on
3030 new Holland.
In the round ‘A’ I was only drive the tractor in L1 speed such as instructed to me
by our instructor. Firstly I was sit on the tractor from left side and sited on the
seat then I was check all the tractor necessary check-up’s which taught to me in
the theory class. Then following operation was done by me:-
Moving Tractor in forward direction:-
For this operation I was started the tractor by the self starting device (key) then
pressed the clutch of the tractor and then I put low gear and put 1st
gear on the
tractor.
Then I leave the press pedal of clutch slowly- slowly because if do not left
the pedal, generally then the tractor will be jumped and it will be accidental. Well
when I was left the tractor then tractor moving slowly-slowly forward direction. It
was very challenging moment for me.
Moving Tractor in backward direction:-
I was learning the gear shifting system in the previous operation. I was clutched
the tractor when I putted on the neutral position then I was put it on the reverse
gear then again put it on the L1 gear then pushed out the clutch.
When I was pushed out the clutch the tractor was started moving backward
direction. In this operation we should careful but we do not take accelerator too
much, and fully concentrate on the movement on the steering system.

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Tractor Moving with trolley in forward & Backward Direction:-
In the operation firstly we connect the trolley by the toe hook. Then I pressed the
clutch & the changegear L1 forward direction. When I was left the tractor’s clutch
then tractor was starting moving forward direction.
The main task is to move the tractor in the backward direction. When we
move backward direction then we should noticed it that when trolley move to left
side then we move the steering in left side, then trolley will move in right side and
vice versa.
Making 8 by the tractor by (F+B):-
It is done for the practice of the steering control. In this operation we move the
tractor in line made 8-type track.
This operation is done for the steering control and for fully control on the tractor.
All these operations are done by all the tractors which were provided to me.
Method to stop a tractor:-
Tractor is a heavy machine and it can cause serious accident if it is not stopped in
time. The following procedure should be followed for stopping the movement of
tractor.
1. Pull the throttle lever and reduce the engine speed to the lowest possible
limit.
2. Decrease the clutch pedal and press the brake pedal of the tractor to stop
the motion of the tractor.
3. Put the gear shift lever into neutral position.
4. If an implement is attached to the tractor, hydraulic control lever should be
moved slowly to the lower position.
5. Turn off the main switch.
6. Apply the parking brakes, if necessary.
Maintenanceoftractor:-
The following are the main servicing & maintenance which is done in tractor:

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1. Washing
2. Engine warm up
3. Oil draining
4. Oil filter change
5. Air cleaner oil change
6. Fan belt adjustment
7. Clutch free play adjustment
8. Break free play adjustment
9. Front wheel preloading
10.Greasing
11.Air pressure
Periodical maintenance of tractor:-
Daily (8to10) engine working hours:-
1. Check oil level in oil sump if required then refill them and secure that tractor on
the level surface.
2. Clean and refill their cleaner bowl. In very dirty condition we check it move
frequently and make sure that oil level does not move up by9.5mm above the
recommended level mark.
3. Inspect fuel sediment bowl for dirt or water and drain if necessary.
4. Check the water level in the radiator.
5. Check the belt pulley oil level and if necessary refill the same.
6. Grease the front axle spindles and steering draglinks.
7. Grease bearing of brake paddle assembly.
8. Examine and fill up battery with distilled water if necessary.
9. Check tyre pressure.
Weekly (50 to 60) engine working hours:-
A. Engine-
 Check fan belt tension
 Check primary fuel filter deposit as well as for water accumulation,
remove the sediments and water by opening the drain plug.
B. Transmission:-

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 Check the correct oil level in the transmission box with the help of
dipstick provided and fills it if required.
C. Electrical:-
 Wipe battery with a clean cloth and grease terminals with
petroleum to prevent corrosion.
 Check tightness if securing strap’s of starter motor
After 15 days (120 to125) engine working hours:-
1. Repeat the weekly schedule of maintenance.
2. Apply oil to the Dynamo and the starter.
3. Clean the carbon in the smoke-tube.
4. Change the engine oil.
5. In case the oil filter is made of paper, element, cloth, felt, etc. change them.
Clean the metallic oil filter.
6. Check the free play of clutch and brake; it should be 15mmlong. Adjustit
according to the need.
Monthly (250) engine working hours: -
1. Repeat every step of 15 days maintenance.
2. If it is advised to clean the primary diesel filter, (in the manual supplied with the
tractor) clean it or change it.
3. Wash the fuel filters and top up the oil-tank.
4. Check the water in the battery. If it’s relative density is below the mark, then
change the battery.
After twomonths (500) engine working hours: -

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1. Follow the monthly schedule of maintenance.
2. Change the other element of diesel filter.
3. Get the injector and diesel pump checked either by an authorized dealer or an
experienced mechanic.
4. Contact your authorized dealer or an experienced mechanic for the inspection
of valve.
5. Get the dynamo and the self starter inspected.
6. Open the oil tank and clean it.
TILLAGEANDTILLAGEIMPLEMENTS

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Traner:- Sh. D Kumar (Tech.Asst.) Date:- 12-july-2016
 Tillage:
Itis the mechanical manipulation of soil which provides a favorablecondition for
crop growth.
 Types of tillage:
1. Primary tillage
2. Secondary tillage
Primary tillage: it constitutes the initial major soil working operation. Itis
normally designed to reduce soil strength, cover plant materials, and rearrange
aggregates.
Secondary tillage: such tillage operations following primary tillage which are
performed to create proper soil tilth for seeding and planting.
 Objectives of tillage:
a) To reduce the soil erosion
b) To destroy and preventweeds
c) To destroy insects, pests and their breeding places
d) Add morehumus and fertility to soil by covering the vegetation.
 Primarytillage implements:
1. M.B. plough
2. Disc plough
3. Subsoiler
4. Rotary tiller
 Secondary tillage implements:

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1. Disc harrows
2. Cultivator
3. Hoes
4. Leveler
Mouldboard plough:-
Types of mould board plough:
a) Trailed
b) Mounted
c) Semi mounted
These are again sub divided into the following categories:
a) One way
b) Two way
Trailedmould board plough: - This trailed type of plough is also known as pulling
type of mould board plough and is complete unit in itself supported on two or
three wheels. The complete unit is hitched to the drawbar of a tractor and it trails

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behind the same. These are available one to five bottoms depending upon the
capacity of tractor to pull.
Mountedmould board plough: - These types of ploughs are also called tractor
mounted ploughs. These ploughs areattached to a tractor at three point linkage
and controlled by hydraulic systemof the tractor by depth and draft control
levers.
One way plough: - One ploughs throw the soilin one direction usually to the right
when see frombehind.
Two way plough: - Two way plough has two i.e. , right and left bottoms. The
bottoms of two way plough are so arranged that the right turning bottom can be
quickly turned with the set which turns the soil to the left thus while ploughing
when we have reached the end of the furrow weraisethe plough, turn around
and return across with two way plough. In this caseno back furrow or uneven and
shaken spouts areleft in the field.
Function of mould board plough:-
a) Cutting the furrow slice
b) Lifting the soil
c) Turning the furrow slice
d) Pulverizing the soil
Components of M.B. plough: -M.B. plough consists of these following
parts,
a) Share
b) Mould board
c) Land side
d) Frog
e) Tail piece
Share: - It penetrates into the soil and makes a horizontalcut below the soil
surface. Itis sharp, well polished and pointed component. Different portion of
shareare,
a) Sharepoint
b) Cutting edge
c) Wing share

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d) Gunnel
e) Cleavage edge
f) Wing bearing
Types of share:-
a) Slip share
b) Slip- noseshare
c) Shine share
d) Bar point share
Mouldboard plough: - The mould board is that part of the plough which receives
the furrow slicefromthe shareand. Itlifts, turns and breaks the furrow slice. To
suit different soil condition and crop requirements, mould board has been
designed in different shapes. Theseare,
a) General purpose
b) Stubble
c) Sod or breaker
d) Slat
Land side: - Itis the flat plate which bears against and transmits lateral thrust of
the plough bottom to the furrow wall. Ithelps to resistthe side pressureexerted
by the furrow sliceon the mould board. Italso helps in stabilizing the plough
while it is in operation. Land side is fastened to the frog with the help of plough
bolts. The rear bottom end of the landside is known as heel which rubs against
the furrow sole.
Frog:- frog is the part of the plough bottom to which other components of the
plough bottom are attached. Itis an irregular piece of metal.
Tail piece: - It is an important extension of mould board which helps in turning a
furrow slice.
Plough accessories: -
a) Frameand beam
b) Cross shaft

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c) Coulter
d) Jointer
e) Wheels
Preparation for operation: -
Before starting operation with M.B. plough following point should be kept in
mind:
a. Based on horsepower of the tractor the matching plough should be
selected.
b. Track width should always be correct.
c. Each and every plough adjustmentshould be carried out.
d. Correctploughing method is essential.
e. Choosethe depth of ploughing as with the type of soil
Selection of matching plough:
Where,
Table1.Table showing required horse power
Hp Required:-
Draft (kg) = Size of plough (cm) x depth of ploughing (cm) x soil resistance (kg/cm2)
Size of plough= No. of mould board x distance between point of share & wing of share of M.B.
H.P. = Draft (kg) x Speed (km/hr) / 270

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Soil resistance for various soils
Track width adjustment: -
Track width is the distance between the centers of two rear or frontwheel.
a. Adjustment of suction: - 1. Vertical suction
2. Horizontalsuction
Vertical suction: - This is the bend downward of the point of shareto make the
plough penetrate the soil to the proper depth when the plough is pulled forward.
The amount of suction shall vary from 1/8”to 3/16”.
This suction can be measured by placing a straight edge on the bottom of the
plough extending fromthe heel of the bottom of land side to the point of share,
then measuring vertically and the greatestclearance fromthe straight edge to the
plough bottom.
Horizontal suction: - Horizontalsuction is the amountthe point of shareis bend
off line with the land side. The object of suction is to make the plough take the
proper amount of furrow width.
Horizontalsuction is measured by placing a straightedge on the side of the
plough extending fromthe heel of the landside to the point of share, then
S.N. Size of Plough No. Of Bottom Weight of Plough
(kg)
Draft (kg) Horse Power
1. 10”(254mm) 2 150 450 20
2. 14”(355.6mm) 2 200 650 30
3. 14”(355.6mm) 3 250 950 35
S.N. Type of soil Soil resistance (kg/cm2)
1. Sandy soil 0.2
2. Sandy loam 0.3
3. Silt loam 0.35-0.5
4. Clay 0.4-0.56
5. Heavy loam 0.5-0.7
Track width = size of the plough x ½ of the single bottom+ 3”

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measuring horizontally the greatest distance fromthe straightedge to the plough
bottom. The amount is usually about 3/16”.
Plough setting stepby stepsequence: -
a) Cross shaftadjustment.
b) Top link setting.
c) Lower link setting.
d) Coulter.
e) Depth of work.
f) Tractor and plough alignment.
g) Final top link setting.
h) Adjusting land side clearance.
i) Adjustmentof furrow wheel.
Methods of ploughing: - There are following methods of ploughing,
1. Gathering
2. Casting
3. Mixed method
4. Corner to corner
Gathering: - Whenever a plough works round a strip of ploughed land, it is said to
be gathering.
Casting: - Whenever a plough works round a strip of unploughed land, it is said to
be casting.
Mixedmethod: - This is combined method of both “gathering” & “casting”
applicable for larger fields. The whole field is divided into number of strips
approximately of 20m-30mand 40mfor 2, 3, and 4 bottom ploughs respectively.
This gives saving in fuel and time.
Corner to corner: - This type of ploughing is carried out by reversible plough (two
way plough). At the end of each furrow whileturning, the mould board is turned
to the other side. This provides saving of time by avoiding unnecessary turning.
Disc plough: -Disc plough is an implement wherethe cutting and inversion of
soil is performed by means of discs. This was introduced to reduce friction by
rolling bottom instead of a bottom that would slide along. Unlike mould board

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plough, disc plough creates no suction but depends upon weight and disc angle
for penetration, therefore they are heavily built. Disc plough mustbe operated in
fairly slow, uniformspeed for best cutting action and width of control.
The disc plough usageshows thatit is adapted to condition where M.B. plough
will not work.
1. Itis suitable for dry, hard ground that cannot be penetrated with an M.B.
plough.
2. Rough, stony and Rooty ground wherethe disc will ride over the roots.
3. Sticky, waxy ground soil wheremould board does not scour.
4. Itis often used after harvesting grain crops wherethe ground is hard.
Main parts of disc plough: -
1. Concavedisc
2. Disc bearing
3. Disc scraper
4. Standard
5. Frame
6. Cross shaft
7. Furrow wheel
Concave disc: - Itis a circular, concaverevolving steel plate used for cutting and
inverting the soil. Diameter of disc varies from 60 to 80cm. The concavity of the
disc called “dish” varies according to diameter.
Disc bearing: - Roller bearings are usually placed in pairs. Taper roller bearing
absorbs forcein all direction and can readily adjust.
Disc scrapper: - It is a device to remove soil that tends to stick to the working
surfaceof disc.
Standard: - the standard connects the disc bearing to the plough beam.
Cross shaft: - The steel shaftfitted to the plough at the frontat right angles to the
beam is known as cross shaft.
Furrow wheel: - furrow wheelis fixed at the rear end of the plough to the main
plough beam. The purposeof furrow wheel is to stabilize the rear of the plough
and to hold it in a position to control the width of cut by the front disc.
Tractor preparation: -
The following are typical instructions for preparing a tractor for operation:

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1. The horsepower of tractor selected should match the implement.
2. Adjustfront& rear wheel track width.
3. Provideadequate front end ballast for tractor stability.
4. Provideproper rear furrow wheelweight.
5. All plough adjustments should be carried out.
6. Select load and depth control setting according to tractor operation
manual.
Adjustments: - In order to get better result, the following adjustments are
necessary:
1. Cutting angle adjustment.
2. Width of cut adjustment.
3. Leveling the plough.
4. Tightening bearing.
5. Furrow wheeladjustment.
Cutting angle adjustment: -
a) Disc angle adjustment2. Tilt angle adjustment.
Disc angleis the angle which the plain of cutting edge makewith the line of travel.
Itis normally 42-47 degree. Reducing the angle increase disk rotation with respect
to ground speed & reduce the tendency of the plough to overcut. Increasethe
disc angle improves disc penetration.
Tilthangle is the angle which the plane of cutting edge makes with the vertical
line. Itranges from 15-25 degree. Increasing thetilth angle improves the disc
penetration in heavy, sticky soil. Decreasing the tilth angle improves the disc
penetration in loosesoil.
 Secondary tillage implements:-
Harrow:-A harrow is an implement that cut the soil to a shallow depth for
smoothening and pulverizing the soilas well as to cut the weeds and to mix

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materials with soil. Itis an implement used to breaks the clods after
ploughing, to collect trash from the ploughed land and to level the seed bed.
Disc harrow:- Itis a harrows which performs theharrowing operations by
means of a set of rotating steel discs, each set being mounted on a common
shaft.
Components of disc harrows :-
a) Disc
b) Gang
c) Gang angle
d) Gang bolt
e) Bearing
f) Scraper
g) Gang controllever
Disc:- Itis a circular, concaverevolving steel plate used for cutting and inverting
the soil.
Gang:- Itis an assembly of concave discs mounted on a common shaftwith spool
in between.
Gang angle:- The angle between the axis of gang and the line perpendicular to the
direction of travel is called gang angle.
Scraper:- scraper prevents the disc from clogging. Itremoves the soil that may
stick to the concave side of the disc.

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Cultivator: - It is an implement for inter cultivation with laterally
adjustabletines or discs to work between crop rows. This can be used for
seed bed preparation and for sowing with seeding attachment. These tines
may haveprovision for vertical adjustments also.
The cultivator can be:-
1. Disc cultivator
2. Rotary cultivator
3. Tine cultivator
Disc cultivator: - Itis a cultivator fitted with disc.
Rotary cultivator: - Itis a cultivator with tines or blades mounted on a power
driven shaft.
Tine cultivator: - It is a cultivator fitted with tines having shovels.
The operations performedby a cultivator:-
a) Inter culture the fields
b) Destroy the weeds in the field.
c) Aerate the soil for the proper growth of crops.

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d) Conservethe moisture by preparing mulch on the surface.
e) To sow seeds when it is provided with sowing attachments.
f) To prevent surfaceevaporation and encourage rapid infiltration of rain
water into the soil.
IRRIGATION AND PLANT PROTECTION EQUIPMENTS
Trainer:- Sh. D.kumar Date: 15-july-2016
Why need irrigation ?
*80 -90% parts make by water.
* To seed bed preparing.

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* To dilute the fertilizer.
*To destroy insect and weeds.
SOURCE OF IRRIGATION WATER:
Natural water resources (pound, river canal and dam).
Ground water resources (Pumps).
IRRIGATION METHOD
A ) SURFACE IRRIGATION METHOD
 Flood irrigation
 Check basin
 Border irrigation
 Furrow irrigation

B) SUB SURFACE IRRIGATION METHOD
 Sprinkler irrigation
 Drip irrigation
PARTS OF SPRINKLER SYSTEM IRRIGATION
1) Body
2) Bearing
3) Stem
4) Nozzle
5) Swinging arm
6) Swinging arm spring
7) Retracting spring
8) Thrust washer
9) Plastic washer
10)Hubber washer

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PARTS OF DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM
1)Main pipe line
2)PVC container
3)Socket
4)End cap
5)Tee joint
6)Elbow
7)Lateral pipe
8)Micro tube
9)Emmiter
10)Grommt
11)Emuter punch
12)Connectes for lateral

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PUMPS:
Pumps are most effective means of lifting of water from open wells,
tube wells ponds streams and rivers.
TYPES OF PUMP
1)Centrifugal pump
2)Verticalturbine pump
3)Submersible pump
4)Propeller pump
5)Jet pump
6)Reciprocating pump.
PARTS OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
a)Pump casing
b)Impeller (open, semi closed, closed type)
c)Impeller shaft
d)Inlet or outlet flange
e)Stuff hub and gland
d)Base
e)Bearing and bush.
INSTALLATION OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP:
These includes the items,
1)Location
2)Foundation
3)Grouting
4)Alignment
5)Piping

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PLANT PROTECTION EQUIPMENTS
Plant Protection Equipment:-
In plant protectionequipment we are study about the different type of sprayer used for
controlling the pests & diseases.
Sprayers:- Sprayer is a machine to apply fluids in the form of droplet. Sprayer is used
for the following purpose:-
1. Application of herbicides to remove weeds.
2. Application of fungicides to minimize fungus disease.
3. Application of insecticides to control insect pests.
4. Application of micro nutrients on the plants.
The main functions of sprayer are:
1. To break the liquid in to droplet of effective size.
2. To distribute them uniformly over the plants.
3. To regulate the amount of liquid to avoid excessive application.
Basic component of sprayer:-
1. Nozzle body
2. Swirl plate
3. Filter
4. Over-flow pipe
5. Relief valve
6. Pressure regulator
7. Cut-off valve
8. Spray boom
9. Drop legs

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10.Nozzle boss
11.Nozzle disc
12.Nozzle cap
13.Nozzle tip
14.Spray lance
15.Spray gun
Nozzle body:- It is the main component on which other components of a nozzle fit.
Swirl plate:- Itis the part of a cone nozzle which imparts rotation to the liquid passing
through it.
Nozzle cap:- It is a component which retains the assembled parts in or on a nozzle body.
Spray gun:- It is a lance from which the spray is readily adjustable during the operation.
Spray boom:- It is a spray lance with spray nozzle fitted to a head, mounted at right
angles to the lance.
Filter:- It is a component to remove suspended matter larger than a predetermined size
from fluid.
Over-flow pipe:- It is a conduit through which excess fluid from a pump is
by-passed by the action of a relief valve or pressure regulator.
Reliefvalve;- It is an automatic device which opens when the pressure of the fluid or
gases reaches a predetermined value.
Pressure regulator:- It is an automatic device to control the pressure of the fluid or
gases within a range of setting.
Cut-off valve :- It is a mechanism between the pump and the nozzle to control the flow
of liquid from the sprayer.
Nozzle disc:- It is a component containing the final orifice of a nozzle usually a cone
nozzle.
Nozzle boss:- It is a lug on spray boom or spray lance to which a nozzle body or cap is
screwed.

P a g e | 31
Nozzle tip:- It is a component containing the final orifice of a nozzle usually a fan
nozzle.
Spray lance:- A hand-held pipe through which the liquid reaches the nozzle
mounted at the free end.
Sprayer are of three types:-
1. Manually operated
2. Engine operated
3. Airplanes sprayers
The Sprayers which are provided to us- Manually operated sprayer both handle &
pedal operated.

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TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
Trainer:- Sh. Achinta (Tech.Asst.) Date: 18-july-2016
Sh. D.Hasnu (Technition)
Transmission is a speed reducing mechanism, equipped with severalgears. Itmay
be called a sequence of gears and shaft, through which engine power is
transmitted to the tractor wheels. The systemconsists of various devices that
causeforward and backward momentof tractor to suit different field condition.
The complete path of power fromthe engine to the wheels is called power trains.
Functionof power transmissionsystem:-
1. To transmit power fromthe engine to the rear wheels of the tractor
2. To make reduced speed available, to rear wheel of tractor
3. To alter the ratio of wheel speed and engine speed in order to suit the
field conditions
4. To transmit power through right angle drive, because the crankshaftand
rear axial are normally at right angle to each other

P a g e | 33
The Power Transmission System Consists Of:-
1. Clutch
2. Transmission gears
3. Differential
4. Final drive
5. Rear axial
6. Rear wheels
Combination of this entire component is responsiblefor transmission of power
Single plate clutch:-Main components are,
1. Clutch plate 5. Release finger
2. Pressureplate 6. Release bearing
3. Clutch cover 7. Clutch shaft
4. Pressurespring 8. Linkage
Removal of Clutch assembly:-
To remove the clutch, tractor has split in to two parts. Means the engine parts is
separated from the transmission.
We park the tractor on the leveled ground and kept the wooden blocks on the
front side of the front wheel.
All physical connection of the tractor will cut between the engine part and the
transmission part of the tractor.

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After the removal of clutch assembly by special tools loosen all bolt connected it
with fly wheel
Before dismantling the assembly dot marks on the clutch cover, pressure Plate
and fingers should be punched so that assembly can be done easily.
The next step is to remove pr. Plate, release fingers, pr. Springs etc. Special tools
are available which help in the gradual of the unit because the pr. Spring are
compressed at very high pr. & any attempt to dismantle without pr. Controlled
otherwise the cover will thrown out under spring force .
Press gently by clutch dismantling tool and while under pr. The
adjusting nuts should be opened .now slowly release the pr. & lift cover remove
the release fingers& springs.
Inspection & Repair:-
Inspectthe clutch disc to make sure that the links are not loose, cracked worn out
or oil soaked, the rivets are secure and there is no sign of overheating. The living
must be uniform all over engagement will not properly. The hub of clutch plate
should be checked for extra wear.
Inspect the surface of the pressure plate & flywheel for grooving, cracking or
distortion .if any scratches etc. are of very less depth it should be resurfaced.
Generally the pressure plate is resurfaced and not the flywheel as this can effect
engine balancing.
The clutch shaft should be straight and if there is excessive wear on the splines, it
needs replacement
Assembly and reinstallation: --
Assemble the clutch assembly exactly in the reverse sequence it was dissembled,
insuring that the punch marks already made on the fitting at the time of
disassembly tally. After assembly a centering tool is used for reinstalling the unit
on the flywheel. This makes clutch plate have exactly in line with the pilot
bearing. After the reinstalling the unit, the height of fingers are adjusted with the
help of adjusting screw. Every clutch assembly has its own adjustment. The tip of
all the fingers should equally above the hub of the clutch plate. Sometimes it is
measured from some other fix point.
Gear Box:-
Itis the combination of gear wheels by means of which motion is transferred from
one shaftto another shaft is called gear train.

P a g e | 35
Types of gear box: -1. Constant mesh type
2. Sliding mesh type
3. Synchromesh type
Constant mesh type: -In the constantmesh transmission the gears are
mounted so that they are always in mesh with at least one of the meshing gears
free to rotate on the shaft. Splined coupling of various types, usually called shifter
collars, are used to engage the gears.
Sliding mesh type: - In sliding gear box spur gears are used. The gear ratio is
selected by disengaging the traction clutch and sliding the gear on the shaft until
it meshes with a mating gear.
Synchromesh type: -A synchromesh type has small friction clutches, usually
cone type that engages when shift is initiated. The resulting frictional torque is
used to prevent engagement of the shifter collar until the rotational speed of the
collar and gear are nearly the same, i.e. synchronized. When synchronization
occurs, the frictional torque reduces and the shifter collar can then be engaged
with the gear to complete the shift. The advantage of synchronized is that gear
changes can be made easily without damaging the transmission, even when
vehicle is moving.

P a g e | 36
Components of gear box:-
1. Main gear shifting lever 2. Speed rangeselection lever
3. Gear shifting rails & forks 4. Gear (helical & spur)
5. Shaft 6.Main shaft
7. Counter shaft 8. Axial shaft
9. Bearing
Gear box repair: -
Basically the gear box transmission systemdoes notrequire any major repair
unless they have been damaged due to any accident or any poor handling.
Besides damage to gears, worn out or damaged bearing, broken or destroyed
detent springs or someparts which need replacements during the replacement of
the partthe transmission systemshould bedisconnected from the engine. The
unit has to be further disconnected fromthe differential housing.
Remove the shiftmechanism housing by opening the cover, gear, shiftlever, rail
fork, detent balls & spring. The next step is the removalof the main shaftwhich
will depend upon the method of mounting of bearing on the transmission
housing.
If any baring or cone or any bearing assembles is found to be damaged it repaired
or replaced.
After the entire system has been dismounted and the damaged part replaced it
should be assemble exactly in opposite sequence of the dissemble care should be
taken to adjust the end play of the shaft & pre loading of the baring as per the
manufacturer recommended.
Bearing bushes & all sliding surfaces should be lubricated on the assembly oil;
seals should be lightly greased before assembly.

P a g e | 37
Differential: -Differential unit is a special arrangement of gears to permit one of
the rear wheels of the tractor to permit to rotate slower or faster than the other.
While turning the tractor on the curved path, the inner wheel has to travel lesser
distance than the outer wheel. The inner wheel requires lesser power than the
outer wheel; this condition is fulfilled by differential unit, which permits one of
the rear wheels of the tractor to move faster than the other at the turning point.
The differential unit consists of:
1. Differential casing
2. Differential pinion
3. Crown wheel
4. Half shaft
5. Bevel gear

P a g e | 38
Fig- Principle of differential
Differential Lock: -Whenever one wheel offers less resistance it turns faster causing
a loss of traction. If one wheel gets in the mud or loose soil, the wheel on the solid
ground will not be driven while the other spins around due to the differential action. To
overcome this problem, all tractors are provided with locking system known as
differential lock. The purpose of lock is to join both of axel so that even it one wheel is
under less resistance. The tractor comes out from the mud etc. As the both wheel
moves with the same speed apply equal traction

P a g e | 39
Removal of Assembly: -
Step 1:-
Remove the rear wheel, followed the rear axle housing & pull out both half axel.
Care should be taken to disconnect all the links, leverages, forks etc. It provided
for brake unit mounted there on.
Step 2:-
Remove the bevel pinion assembly which is mounted on the differential housing.
The bearing housing is bolted to the differential housing to keep the bevel pinion
in position. Special pullers & tools are used to dissemble the bevel pinion unit.
Step 3:-
Remove the differential unit which can be fitted by inserting a suitable bar. The
differential unit can how dissemble their different unit. After bearing removal
remove screw & open the differential cage. Before removing cage bolt the halves
should be marked so that the assembly can be done exactly same relationship.
Once the cage is opened the differential pinion gear and cross pins can be taken
out.
Reassembly:-
All disassembled parts are thoroughly cleaned & inspected for, the required
maintained. The assembly procedure is exactly reverse of the disassembly
procedure i.e. first the subassemblies of the differential and bevel pinion are
assembled and then the subassemblies are installed on the differential housing to
complete the differential system.

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STEERING AND BRAKE SYSTEM
Trainer:- Sh Achinta (Tech. Asst.) Date: 19-july-2016
Sh. D.Hasnu (Technition)
STEERING SYSTEM:
Steering system is fitted in the tractor to have effective control
throughout its range of speed irrespective of load and road/field condition by
steering the machine right or left, without exerting much effort.
Classification of Steering System: -
The steering system is classified in following types:-
1)Mechanical steering.
2)Power steering.
Mechanical steering canbe:
1) Single drop arm.
2) Double drop arm.
Main Parts of Steering System are:
1) Steering Wheel:
2) Steering Outer tube
3) Steering Shaft
4) Steering Drop Arm
5) Steering Gear Box
6) Tie Rod
7) King Pin
Steering Gear Box:
The following types of gear boxes were illustrated during the course:
 Worm & Sector Type: Worms are cut on steering shaft, this shaft is held in
the housing with the help of two bearings, and one at the top and the other
at bottom As such it can rotate easily- a sector with identical teeth is held
on the sector shaft. On moving the worm, the sector also moves resulting in
movement of sector shaft and drop arm.
 Worm & Roller Type: In this case a worm is held in the housing with the
help of two taper roller bearings. Steering rod is pressed fit in the worm.

P a g e | 41
Sector shaft runs in two bushes, one fitted in the housing and other in the
cap and has one U bolt in it. In this U one roller is fixed on the shaft with
needle bearing in it and can move freely. This roller is always in contact
with teeth of the worm. On moving the worm, this roller also moves
resulting in movement of the sector shaft.
 Worm & Nut Type: In this case worm and steering shafts are made out of a
single piece. This shaft is suspended on self aligned bearing on the upper
part of steering tube. This bearing is kept in position with the help of two
rubber rings- one placed under the bearing and the other over the bearing
and kept tightened with a cap. On moving the worm, the nut also moves up
and down, moving the sector shaft along with it.
 Worm and Nut with Recirculating Ball Type: Worm is held in the housing
with the help of two taper roller bearings. To remove end play, the upper
cap has threads made on it. By tightening or loosening this cap the end play
is adjusted and the worm should be kept free. After adjustment, it is
locked. Nut is screwed on the worm and brought to the centre of worm. 25
steel balls are placed in the nut and 13 steel balls are placed in the U tube.
Grease is applied to the balls so that they do not slip while assembling. U
tube is fixed on the ball nut. In this way there are 38 steel balls in one
circuit. The second circuit is also completed and both tube locked with
clamp. After having completed the ball nut, the ball nut is moved on worm
to see that there is no end play and nut is moving on worm freely.
 Worm and Wheel Type: This type of steering is like worm and sector type,
the only difference is that in this case complete gear is fixed on sector shaft
whereas in sector type only a sector (of the gear).
POWER STEERING: -
In power (hydraulic assisted mechanical) steering, the force
required to turn the tractor is very negligible as compared to mechanical steering.
In this case the only force required by the operator is to turn the steering wheel
which in turn operated the spool valve through which the hydraulic power gives
all the steering force.
The power steering is fitted in Hindustan 614, MF 245, New Holland, John
Deer and Mahindra Arjun tractors.
The power steering is sometimes called Hydrostatic steering system. In this
steering wheel movements are transmitted to the front wheels by pressurized oil,
which helps in easy steering.

P a g e | 42
Parts of a Hydraulic Steering: -
1) Steering wheel
2) HSU(Hydro Static Unit)
3) Oil Tank
4) Suction Pipe line
5) External Gear Pump
6) Delivery Pipe Line
7) Retainer Pipe with filter
8) Hydraulic Cylinder
9) Double Acting Piston
10) Steering Arm
11) Spindle hub
Working of Hydraulic Steering
Pump draws the oil from the hydraulic housing through the suction
pipe and filter, and supply to the control valve, which directs the oil to the
steering cylinder depending on the direction in which the steering wheel is
turned. If the steering wheel is not turned, the control valve allows the oil flow
back to the hydraulic housing.
The steering cylinder is double acting in which piston rod act as piston. The
piston rod have the O-ring or oil seals to prevent the leakage of oil pressure
steering cylinder is connected to the front axle member with tie rod ends to
steering column.

P a g e | 43
CASTER
Caster is the angle to which the steering pivot axis is tilted forward or
rearward fromvertical, as viewed fromthe side. If the pivot axis is tilted backward
(that is, the top pivot is positioned farther rearward than the bottom pivot), then
the caster is negative; if it's tilted forward, then the caster is positive.
CAMBER
Camber is the angle of the wheel relative to vertical, as viewed from the
front or the rear of the vehicle.
If the wheel leans away from the vehicle, it has positive camber. If the
wheel leans in towards the chassis, it has negative camber.

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TOE
Toe is the symmetric angle that each wheel makes with the longitudinal
axis of the vehicle.
 Positive toe, or toe in is the front of the wheel pointing in towards the
centerline of the vehicle.
 Negative toe, or toe out is the front of the wheel pointing in outwards the
centerline of the vehicle.
Toe is always adjustable & it can be measured in linear units.

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BRAKE SYSTEM
Date:-20-july-2016
The function of the brake system in a tractor is to bring it to a stop or
slow down its motion. The system is mounted on the driving axle and operated by
two independent pedals situated on the right hand side of the transmission case.
Each pedal can be operated independently to assist turning during the field work
or locked together by means of the lock.
Classification of brakes: -
Brake can classified as:
1) Mechanical brake.
2) Hydraulic brake.
Mechanical brake can be:
1) Internal expending shoe type.
2) External contracting shoe type.
3) Disc type.
Disc type brake can be:
1) Wet type.
2) Dry type.
DISC TYPE:
• A friction pads is pressed against both sides of a rotating disc.
• This type of brake is commonly found on the front wheels of cars.
They have good air flow around the brake which quickly dissipates heat.
DISC TYPE BRAKE (DRY TYPE)

P a g e | 46
HYDRAULIC BRAKE :
It is based on the principle of the pascal’s law. The brake fluid which is usually a
mixture of glycerine and alcohol is used .

P a g e | 47
HYDRAULICSYSTEM
Trainer:- Sh. Achinta (Tech. Asst.) Date: 21-july-2016
Sh. D. hasnu(technition)
Basics of Hydraulics
1. Liquids do not have the shapeof their own. They take the shapeof the
container.
2. Liquids are incompressible.
3. Liquids transmit applied pressurein all directions.
4. Liquids provide great pressurein work force.
Hydraulic Facts:
1. Hydraulic power is nearly always generated frommechanical power.
2. Hydraulic power generated is used for doing the mechanical works.
3. Hydraulic energy is neither created nor destroyed.
4. Oil is normally pushed into a pump, not drawn into it. (Atmospheric
pressureprovides thepush)
5. A pump does not create pressure, itcreates the flow. Pressureis created by
resistanceto flow.
Types of Hydraulic Systems: -
There are two types of hydraulic systems namely
 Hydrostatics (e.g. A torque converter)
 Hydrodynamics (e.g. Mosthydraulic systems as in a tractor)
Basic Components of a Hydraulic System-
a) Reservoir of oil tank g) lift piston
b) Hydraulic Pump h) load
c) Relief Valve
d) Control Valve
e) Control Valve Lever

P a g e | 48
f) Lift Cylinder
Reading of Hydraulic Diagrams
High pressure oil
Medium Pressure oil
Low pressure oil
Pressure free oil
Trapped oil (between any parts of system)
Direction of flow
Red light
Little fade red
Fade Red
Blue
Green

P a g e | 49
Pressure against mechanical object which is restricted
Direction of mechanical movement
Rotation
Load or weight
Types of Hydraulic Pumps
 On the basis of Power Driven:
 Live Hydraulic Pumps: The pumps which are driven directly by the
engine of the tractor are called Live Hydraulic Pump.
 Non Live Hydraulic Pump: The pumps which arenot driven directly
fromthe engine, instead they are driven fromany other systemlike
shaftor gear etc.
 On the basis of Design:
There are three types of pumps on the basis of design:
 Gear type pumps: They are of two types:
1. Internalgear type
2. External gear type

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Vane Pumps: -They are also categorized as
(1). UnbalancedVane Pumps: They are used in places wherelow
pressureis required for doing work.
(2). BalancedVane Pumps: They are used in places wherehigh pressure
is required as in JCBs etc.
 PistonType Pumps: They are categorized as
i. Axial PistonPumps: The pistons arein a direction of axis of
rotation of pumps.
Pump
driven
gear
idler
gear
During the study of pumps, tandem type of pumpwas dismantled and all its parts were
studied along with the working.

P a g e | 51
ii. Radial PistonPumps: The pistons arelocated in a direction
perpendicular to the axis of rotation of pumps.
iii. Inline Axial PistonPumps: The base on which the piston are
mounted is slightly tapered.
Some other types of pumps:
 Displacement Pumps: They are of two types:
i. Positive Displacement Pumps also called as oil type pumps (High
PressureLow Discharge).
ii. Non Positive DisplacementPumps also called as water type pumps
(Low PressureHigh Discharge).
The parts of the tendom pump are enlistedbelow:
1. Retainer Screw 10. Valve chamber assembly
2. Front Casting 11. Pump shaft coupling
3. Dowel Pin 12. Split pin
4. Piston Units 13. Pump drive shaft
5. Cam Blocks 14. Relief valve
6. Circlip 15. Rear casting
7. Valve Chamber Plug 16.valve inlet
8. Spring 17.valve outlet.
9. C Ring
Types of valvesused in Hydraulic Systems
There are three types of valves used in Hydraulic Systems. They are:
 Pressure Control Valves (Used for controlling oil pressure).
 DirectionControl Valves (Used for controlling of direction of oil flow).
They are of three types:
 Check Valveor PressureOperated Non Return Valve(NRV)
 Rotary Valve (Hand or Lever Operated)
 Spool Valve(Lever operated)
 Volume Control Valves (Used for the controlling of volume of oil flow).
E.g. Needle Valve

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Type of Ram Cylinders used in Hydraulic Systems:
Generally Piston Type Ram Cylinders are used in the hydraulic Systems.
There are two types of Piston type Ram Cylinders:
i. Single Acting: Only one side of the piston is pushed by the oil pressure while
operating in one direction and the other direction is achieved by the discharge of
the oil from the cylinder.
ii. Double Acting: Movement in one direction is achieved by pushing through oil
pressure on one side of the piston, and the opposite direction is achieved by
pushing through oil pressure on the other side of the piston.
Types of Hydraulic Systems:
There are two types of hydraulic systems used in tractors namely
Open Centre System:
The open centre system uses a constant flow pump with an open
centre spool valve so that when oil is not flowing to the cylinder, it can pass onto
the reservoirs.
Terminologies:
Cracking Pressure: The pressure which is sufficient just to open the valve is called cracking
pressure.
Full Flow Pressure: The maximum pressure with which the oil flows after opening the
valve.
Pressure Override Condition: The condition b/w the cracking pressure and full flow
pressure Is called the Pressure Override Condition.

P a g e | 53
Closed Centre System:
In the case of the close Centre the pump is of variable flow type and the spool
valve is close Centre type. In the neutral position the pump stops pumping oil.
IMPLEMENT CONTROL
Depending upon the soil conditions and type of
operation, the mounted implement can be controlled either by position control
or draft control.
Position Control
The lever position on the quadrant directly represents the
corresponding position or depth of the implement. Therefore in position control it
is possible to present the working depth. When an implement set for a particular
depth in a particular soil enters a heavier soil, the pull resistance increases, which
can be observed by slipping of the driving wheels. The result is impaired soil
structure and lower output. Therefore normally the position control is used for

P a g e | 54
weeders, planting and sowing machines, sprayers and for transportation of the
implement.
Draft Control
Under this system control, the implement is set for a particular draft (drawbar
pull) rather than depth. In varied soil conditions the implement automatically
takes more or less depth to maintain the predetermined draft. Thus the
implement is always running under a specific draft condition which has been once
set by the operator as per requirement.
Benefits of ADDC:
The benefits of ADDC are as follows:
a) Less fuel consumption.
b) Safety for implements.
c) Easy driving
d) Long life of engine, gear box and other parts.
Troubleshooting of Hydraulic System
1. Problem:System is not lifting.
Causes:
 Check oil level
 Key of pump gear is slipped.
 Differential valve is jam in open position.
 Spool is sticky inside the sleeve..
2. Problem:Lift is not lowering
Causes:
 Mode Selector Valve is closed after lifting.
 Port No. 3 of sleeve is closed.
 Hunting in sleeve.
3. Problem:System is heated up
Causes:
 Over loaded system.
 Extra pressure is created.
 Any component is blocked and creating extra pressure.
Note:Hydraulic oil and oil filter must be changed in every 1000 hours

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ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
Trainer:-Sh.P.C. Hazarika (Sr.tech) Date: 21-july-2016
Electrical system of tractor:
The main purposes of electrical systemof tractor are:
1. To supply currentfor lighting, starting & horn
2. To store the current produced by dynamo/alternator
3. To stabilize the voltage in the electrical systemby supplying currentto the
electrical accessories when the charging system, is running at low speed
Components of electrical system:
1. Battery
2. Self starter
3. Dynamo
4. Cut-out
1. Construction of battery:

P a g e | 56
Itconsists of various parts which is mention below
 Negative plate
 Positive plate
 Negative terminal
 Positive terminal
 Cell connector
 Filler cap
 Cover
The battery is made up of a number of individual cells in hard rubber case
And each cell contains positive and negative plates alternatively placed next
to each other. These plates hold the active materials in flat grids made of
lead and antimony. Charged negative plates contain spongy lead (Pb) which
is gray in color. In between positive and negative plates, porous non
conducting materials like rubber, synthetic or glass-mates areused as
separators which preventthe plates fromtouching each other. The
assembly consisting of positive plate, negative plate & separator is called an
element. Each cell has a vent-cap at the top through which liquid
electrolyte can be added and also provide a vent for the escapeof gasses
formed when the battery is charging.
Electrolyte solution:
The electrolyte solution is prepared in the glass container by slowly pouring
concentrated (H2SO4 ) sulphuric acid in the water with constant stirring.
64% Water 36% Acid Electrolyte
Sp. Gravity = 1 Sp. Gravity = 1.835 Sp. Gravity = 1.270
H2O + H2SO4 = Electrolyte

P a g e | 57
2. Self starter:
Itis a device which converts the electrical power to the mechanical power; usually
it is a D.C. motor that is engaged to the ring gear on the engine by means of a
sliding pinion gear. The pinion gear is meshed with a ring gear on the flywheel of
the engine by a solenoid. When electrical power is switched to the D.C. motor,
the solenoid is simultaneously activated, which in turn engages the pinion. The
spring on the pinion disengages the pinion when power to the solenoid is shutoff.
3.Dynamo:

P a g e | 58
Itworks on the principle of Faraday’s firstlaw of electro-magnetic induction
whereelectrical power is produced by electro-magnetic induction.
Components of dynamo:
The main components of dynamo are as under
 Armatureassembly
 Field coils
 Brushes
 End shield and body
 Pole shoes
A rectangular coil of wireis wound on an axis and is kept to rotate easily
between the poles of magnet. The rotating coil is called armature. This is
wound over thin plates of soft iron to increasethe strength of magnetic
field. The ends of the coil are in contact with split rings called
commutator. Two carbon brushes arein contact with commutator to
collect the currentproduced by the armature.
3. Cut-out:
Itis a safety device which is used for avoid fromthe overcharging of
battery. Voltage and current regulator is usually called cut-out.
Itplays a very important part in the charging systemof battery. The
primary duty of this unit is to keep the voltage and currentunder control
during the charging. At the same time it does not allow the battery current
to reverseback to dynamo when the dynamo is running at less speed and
producing less current.
Battery used in tractor:
Generally 6, 12, 18, 24 volt of battery are used in tractor. The specification of
battery is listed in table.
S.N. Volt Compression
pressure
H.P. Uses
1. 6 150 psi 18 power tiller,
sprayer
2. 12 150-300 psi 18-80 tractor, car
3. 24 300-500 psi Above80 Combine
harvester

P a g e | 59
INTRODUCTION TO 4-STROKECIDIESEL
ENGINE
Trainer:- Sh. K. Bora (Tech. Asst.) Date-23-07-16
ENGINE: An engine is a machine designed to convert energy into
useful mechanical motion. Heat engines, including internal combustion
engines and external combustion engines (such as steam engines) burn a fuel to
create heat which is then used to create motion.
Classification of heat engines: -
Terminologies associated with engine
1. Stroke: - It is the length travelled by the piston from BDC to TDC.
2. Bore: - It is the diameter of the cylinder liner.
3. Swept Volume: - It is the total volume of the cylinder from TDC to BDC.
4. Clearance Volume: - It is the volume of the cylinder when the piston is at
TDC.
HEAT
ENGINES
Internal
Combustion
Rotary Turbine Reciprocating
Compression
Ignition
2- stroke
engines
4- stroke
engines
Spark Ignition
2-stroke
engines
4-stroke
engines
External
Combustion
Steam
Engines

P a g e | 60
5. Total Volume: - It is the sum of Swept Volume and Clearance Volume.
6. Compression Ratio: - It is the ratio of total volume to the clearance volume.
7. IHP: - The power received by the piston head.
8. BHP: - The power obtained by the flywheel.
9. DBHP: - The power obtained at the drawbar of the tractor. It is the pulling
power of the tractor.
10.PTOHP: - The power obtained at the PTO shaft of the tractor.
11.Stroke-Bore ratio: - It is the ratio of the stroke length of the piston and bore
Dia of the cylinder.
REQUIREMENT FOR PROPER FUNCTIONING OF ENGINE
There are various systems which are essential for the proper functioning of an
engine. These systems are enlisted below:-
1. Inlet System: - Inlet system is provided in the tractor to collect the fresh air
from the atmosphere, clean it and allow it to enter the combustion
chamber. This system has the following parts:
i. Air Cleaner: Air cleaner purifies the air and makes it free from all fine
impurities before entering of air into the combustion chamber. Two
types of air cleaner namely wet and dry type is used. Dry type air
cleaner is cylindrical in shape. Its outer part is made of metal screens
and inner part is made of paper screen. The air being cleaned from
the air cleaner goes to the inlet manifold. Wet type air cleaner
consists of air precleaner which is a primary part to clean the air.
From the air precleaner, air moves downward towards the bowl
where oil is keep above the bowl, wire mesh is provided. The air
enters here from the air pre-cleaner and after being purified goes to
the manifold.
ii. Intake manifold:- From the air cleaner chamber, the air moves
towards the intake manifold.
iii. Intake valve: - Intake valve is provided on the other side of the
intake manifold, which allows the air to pass into the combustion
chamber.
2. Exhaust System: - Exhaust system is provided in the tractor to pass out the
exhaust gases in the atmosphere. It consists of three parts namely exhaust
valve, exhaust manifold and muffler or silencer.

P a g e | 61
3. Fuel Supply System: - Fuel supply system is provided in tractor to
constantly supply fuel in the engine for its functioning during its operation.
4. Lubrication System: - Lubrication system is provided in tractor to serve the
following:
i. To reduce the friction between the sliding parts.
ii. To reduce the temperature of the parts due to rubbing over each
other.
iii. To provide sealing effect for the gases.
5. Cooling system: - Cooling system is provided in the tractor engine for
cooling of the engine and maintains the working temperature of the engine
for proper it’s functioning. Two types of cooling systems are used namely
air cooling and water cooling.
The components of water cooling system are
 Radiator cap
a) Pressure release valve
b) Vacuum release valve
 Radiator
 Hose pipe
 Pump
 Cooling fan
 Thermostat valve
 Inlet and outlet of radiator
Types of water cooling systems:
a) Hopper System
b) Thermo siphon System
c) Forced Feed (pump + thermostat)

P a g e | 62
DISMANTLINGANDASSEMBLINGOF5-HPKIRLOSKERDIESEL
ENGINE
Trainer:- Sh. K.Bora (Tech.Asst.) Date-24-07-2016
Sh. H Bawri (Sr. tech)
In the training session of engine care and maintenance we studied single cylinder
type 5hp water cooled diesel engine.
Tools, instruments and equipment used in engine care
and maintenance:-
A. Open end spanners: - It made by bright nickel plated selected cool
steel. It is available range in mm.
 6*7mm
 8*9mm
 10*11mm
 11*12mm
 12*13mm
 14*15mm
 16*17mm
 18*19mm
 20*22mm
 22*23mm
 24*27mm
 25*38mm
 30*32mm
B. Ring spanners:- Double offset type ,bright nicikle plated selected tool
steel. It is available 6to 32mm.
C. Sockets:-Chromium vanadium steel .It is available range in 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,
14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 (All dim. in mm).

P a g e | 63
D. Sockets attachment:-
 Handle 6*1/2&8*1/2
 Speed brace
 Sliding T-Handle
 Reversible ratchet
 Ratchet
 Square couple
 Extension 5”, 3”
 Universal joint 10”
E. Wrenches:-
1. Adjustable wrenches: Selected carbon steel size 6”,8”,10”,12”
2. Pipe wrenches: still son pattern selected carbon steel polished size
10”,14”,18”,24”
3. Chain pipe wrenches:-Selected steel size 21”long .
4. Tappet wrenches :-Selected carbon steel size: 7/16”&1/2”,1/2”&9/16”
5.Allen key wrenches :-Chrome –Vanadium steel ,non metal finished
British size :1/16”,5/64”,3/32”,1/8”,5/32”,3/16”,7/32”,1/4”,5/16”,3/8”
F. Pliers :-
1. Water pump pliers:-Chrome vanadium bright nickel plated size :
255mm,94’10”
2. Lock ring pliers:-Chrome vanadium steel ,max. Opening 1*1/8” min. Opening
0.150” length 10*3/16 or 14”
3. Break spring pliers:-Chrome vanadium steel 13*1/4
4. Clamp pliers:-8” carbon base
5. Combination slip pliers: - Chrome plated 6”,8”,10” long
6. Size cutting pliers:-5*1/2”,8”,10” long
7. Voice prip pliers:-7”&10”.
G. Hammer:-1.Ballpin hammer: 1/2lb,1lb,1*1/2lb,2lb,3lb.
2. Plastic tip hammer: 1/2lb&1lb
3. Brass hammer

P a g e | 64
4. Sludge hammer
H. Some special tools:-
1. Bore gauge
2. Value spring compressor
3. Vernier calipers
4. Micrometers
5.Filler gauge
6.Injector tester
Parts of Single Cylinder engine:
i. Base
ii. Crankcase
iii. Flywheel
iv. Crankshaft
v. Crank web
vi. Crankpin
vii. Crank gear, cover
viii. Cam gear
ix. Cam shaft
x. Cams
xi. Cam lope
xii. Tappets
xiii. Push Rod
xiv. Rocker arms
xv. Valves (Inlet & Exhaust)
xvi. Gear cover
xvii. Decompression lever
xviii. Rocker box
xix. Cylinder head
xx. Cylinder liner
xxi. Cylinder block
xxii. Piston
xxiii. Connecting Rod
xxiv. Gudgeon pin
xxv. Big end & Small end of
connecting rod
xxvi. Barrel
xxvii. Plunger
xxviii. Fuel tank
xxix. Fuel pipes
xxx. Inspection cover
xxxi. Fuel injector pump
xxxii. FI Pump bracket
xxxiii. Nozzles
xxxiv. Oil filter
xxxv. Lever pin
xxxvi. Fulcrum
xxxvii. Shim
xxxviii. Gasket
xxxix. Guide pin (controlled by the
middle cam lope

P a g e | 65
TECHNICAL DETAILS OF 5-HP KIRLOSKER DIESEL ENGINE:-
1. Engine type Internal combustion
2. Cooling system Water cooled
3. Horse power 5
4. RPM 1500
5. Bore 80 mm
6. Fuel Used High Speed Diesel
7. Compression Ratio 16.5:1
8. Length of Stroke 116mm
9. Swept Volume 553 cc
10. Capacity of oil sump 2.85 liters
11. Capacity of fuel tank 4.87 liters
12. Capacity of Cooling System
by radiator
5.1 liters
13. Fuel Pump Bosh Type
14. Fuel Injection Timing 270 before TDC
15. Fuel Injection Pressure 211 kg/cm2
16. Tappet Clearance a) Inlet valve: 0.20 mm
b) Exhaust valve: 0.25 mm
17. Bumping clearance 0.90 to 1.05 mm
18. Maximum ovality of
crankshaft
0.075 mm
19. Crankshaft end play 0.12 – 0.30 mm
20. Connecting rod side
clearance
0.10 – 0.25 mm
21. Maximum end clearance of
piston ring
0.88 mm
22. Lubricating oil consumption 2.75 gm/hp/hr
23. Specific Fuel Consumption 199 gm/hp/hr
24. Valve face margin 0.75 mm

P a g e | 66
Sequence of dismantling of single cylinder engine
Fuel Tank: The fuel (diesel) is filled in this tank which is constantly provided to the
engine for its operation. The nuts and bolts of the fuel tank casing were opened
with the help of the spanners and the fuel tank was removed along with the
hoses.
Rocker Box Cover: - It is also known as the tappet cover. It prevents the entrance
of dust, dirt and other foreign materials from entering in the rocker box. It is
fitted to rocker box by a screw or nut. It was opened with the help of ring or open
end spanner.
Rocker Box: - The rocket assembly is located inside the rocker box.
Rocker Arm: - They operate the opening and closing of inlet and exhaust valves.
The nuts and bolts of the rocker arms were opened and they were removed from
the rocker box.
Push Rods: - The push rods are operated by the tappets (cam followers) which are
again operated by the cam lope of the camshaft. They were taken out from the
rocker box assembly.
Decompressor lever: - It is used to break the compression of the engine during
starting.
Flywheel: The key of the flywheel was removed and the flywheel was detached
from the crankshaft.
Cylinder Head: - The cylinder head consists of following assembly:-
 Breather
 Fuel Injector
 Inlet manifold
 Exhaust manifold
 Silencer or muffler

P a g e | 67
Removing of Cylinder Head:-
 The cooling system was drained; the radiator hose was disconnected &
other components which interfere during its removal.
 The inlet & exhaust manifold were disconnected & the carbon was
removed from the exhaust value opening before the removal of cylinder
head.
 The injector & spark plug were removed & the holes were cleaned by
cotton rag.
 The nuts of all valves arrangement were gradually removed by giving half
turn at a time in sequence until all of them were quit loose.
 The cylinder head was separated from the cylinder block. The gasket was
removed. It is advised that the gasket must be changed every time the
engine is assembled.
After the removal of cylinder head, the next step was to scrap the traces of
carbon which was formed on the walls of combustion chamber & top of the
piston. The scraper should be made by soft mild steel.
After this the valve assembly was dismantled in sequence.
Complete Valve Assembly:-
It consists following parts:-
 Valve
 Valve Spring
 Spring Retainer
 Catcher
 Valve sheet insert
A single cylinder engine has two valves or two ports depending upon their types
i.e. whether engine is 4-stroke or 2-stroke.
In the Kirloskar AV1 single cylinder engine, one inlet and one exhaust valve
isprovided. The parts of a valve are:

P a g e | 68
 Valve tip
 Lock groove
 Stem
 Neck
 Face
 Margin
 Valve Head
Tappet Clearance: The clearance between the valve tip and rocker arm is called
the tappet clearance. It is about 0.20 mm for inlet valve and about 0.25 mm for
the exhaust valve.
Removing valves & Accessories:-
The valves should be marked so that they can be replaced in their original position.
Generally the size of head of exhaust valve is slightly greater than the inlet valve. For
removing the valve assembly, valve spring was compressed with the fixture level & the
spring locks were removed. The tools were released & the valve spring, retainers &
valves were removed. When the values have been removed, the carbon deposit on the
valves was cleaned.
Main parts of 5HP Water Cooled Diesel Engine:-
(A)Rocker Arm Box
1. Decompression lever
2. Rocker Arm
3. Rocker Arm Assembly
4. Valve adjusting screw
5. Push rod
6. Mounting hole
(B) Cylinder head
i. Cylinder head
ii. Inlet valve
iii. Exhaust valve
iv. Exhaust manifold &
Silencer
v. Inlet manifold & air
cleaner
vi. Injector
vii. Water outlet
viii. Nozzle tip
ix. Breather tube

P a g e | 69
x. Valve seat
xi. Margin
xii. Neck
xiii. Stamp
xiv. Locking groove
xv. Tip
xvi. Valve returning spring
xvii. Valve returning seat
xviii. Catcher
(C) Cylinder block
(1)Head gasket
(2) Liner or Cylinder (wet
type)
(3) Bracket of fuel tank
(4) Inlet pipe for fresh
water
(5) Piston
(6) Combustion chamber
(7) Piston ring
I. Top ring
II. Compression ring
III. Oil ring
(8)Gudgeon pin/ piston
pin
(9)Circlip lock
(10) Connecting rod
I. Small end bearing
II. Big end bearing
(11) Share bearing
(D)Crank case
(1) Crank shaft
(2) Crank pin
(3) Cam shaft
(4) Tappet
(5) Cam lope
i. For inlet valve
ii. For exhaust valve
iii. For Fuel injection
pump
(6) Cam locking hole
(7) Cam gear
(8) Governor
(9) Governor weight
(10) Weight returning spring
(11) Governor pin
(12) Engine starting handle
(13) Shim
(14) Crank gear
(15) Wood ruff key
(16) Main general
(17) Fly wheel
(18) Plunger type oil pump
(19) Strainer
(20) Fulcrum pin
(21) Bush bearing
(22) Crank balancing weight
(23) Oil filter
(24) Timing cover
(25) Oil seal
(26) Timing gear
(27) Flange (mounting
bracket)
(28) Crank wave
(29) Dip stick

P a g e | 70
(30) High pressure pipe which one end connected to the fuel injection pump
and other end connected to the injector.
After removing of cylinder head, the fuel injection pump was removed and dismantled.
The parts of the FIP are:-
 Delivery valve holder
 Delivery valve spring
 Delivery valve
 Delivery valve seat
 Pump Element
(Plunger & Barrel)
 Pump body
 Control rod or rack
 Control Sleeve
 Spring retainer
 Plunger spring
 C-lock
 Plunger guide
 Dust cover
 Lock spring
 Cover screw

P a g e | 71
Arrangement of FIP:
On the inlet side, the plunger is fitted inside the barrel
which is adjusted inside the pump body. Below the plunger, plunger spring is
adjusted. On the bottom of the plunger, the spring is locked by a C-lock. Above
this, the assembly is covered by a plunger guide. On the side of the pump body,
the control rod or rack is provided which is adjusted with the control sleeve
through rack and pinion arrangement. The control sleeve is provided in the outlet
side of the injector pump body,. Below the control sleeve delivery valve seat is
provided. On this the valveis adjusted followed by the valvespring. This assembly
is covered and adjusted by the delivery valve holder.
The parts of a fuel injector are:
 Injector cap
 Spring holder
 Adjusting screw with lock nut
 Spindle spring
 Spindle
 Injector body
 Nozzle holder
 Nozzle
 Needle valve
The fuel supply pump forces fuel under low pressure (2 kg/cm2
approx.) through
the fuel filters to the injection pump, which is generally driven by the camshaft.
Its function is to deliver a metered quantity of fuel at a predetermined time under
pressure (211 kg/cm2
) through the tubing to the injection nozzles. These pumps
are mostly constant stroke (jerk) type. The pump is an assembly of closely fitted
accurately machined and polished plunger and barrel. The plunger has a helical
cut in it and is retained in it. When the plunger is pumped, the fuel is injected
through the helical cut in the plunger, and through barrel it is pumped out. The
control of fuel is done by the control rack and control sleeve.
If the spring in the injector gets loose, the injector tester is used to
repair the spring and the injection pressure of 211 kg/cm2
is maintained.

P a g e | 72
Removing the piston and crankcase assembly
1) First of all the gear cover was taken out. Then the crank gear and the cam
gear were taken out by removing their locking keys.
2) After this, the piston was removed from the crankshaft. The nuts and bolts
were removed from the big end of the connecting rod. The piston was
taken out of the crankcase.
3) The thrust of the piston is balanced by the balancing weight of ballasting
weight. They were also removed from their positions.
4) The tappets were removed from their position.
5) Then, the crankshaft and the camshaft were removed from their position.
6) The oil in the sump was drained and was collected in a container. The
crankcase was cleaned and was inspected for the traces of impurities
present in the oil. All the fine particles were cleaned from the crankcase
and oil sump.

P a g e | 73
Lubrication System:-
Generally SAE 90 is preferred for the lubrication system of an engine but multiple
grade oils can also be used.
The flow chart of lubrication system is illustrated below:

P a g e | 74
CERTIFICATE DISTRIBUTION
K.K. Nagle Date: 29-july-2016
Director, NERFMTTI, Bishwanath chariali(Assam)
At the last day of our training , we were collected in a assembly for getting of our
certificates of 25 days of training at NERFMTTI,Bishwanath chariali(Assam) . The
Director K.K.Nagle, distributed the certificates to the individual students, and he
motivated the trainees to contribute their knowledge for the development of the
country.

Introduction to NERFMT&TI Assam farm training institute

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