Training report FOR TTC HISAR

Training Report
At
Farm Machinery Training
& Testing Institute
Government of India,
Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Agri. & co-
operation and Farmers Welfare, Mechanization and
Technology Division. Hisar (Haryana)
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTUAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
CHAUDHARY CHARAN SINGH HARYANA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ,
HISAR

PREFACE
This report is based on the training conducted by Northern Region
Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute,Hisar (Haryana). The
training was conducted during a period of about a period of four weeks
from July 1 to July 26,2019.
This report deals with the subjects of agriculture engineering i.e. farm
power, farm tractor, farm implements both tractor drawn as well as
self propelled. This report is a summary of all what was taught
theoretically as well as practically at NRFMTTI, HISAR about the subject.
This report is about tractor, tractor parts, its system and implements
attached to it. This report consists of engine, harvesting and irrigation,
tractor maintenance, transmission system which includes clutch, gear
box differential system, steering system, brake system and about
hydraulic system etc. This report also consists operation done during
driving classes. Thus this report is a summary of what I studied there.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We take it to be our proud privilege to avail this oppotunity to express my sincere
and deep senseof gratitude to Dr. R.K.Johrar, Dean,Collegeof Agricultural
Engineering and Technology, Hisar .
.
We are gratified to record sincere thanks to Pk Pandey, Director of
institute, Northern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute, Hisar
for his constructive suggestions and encouragement bestowed during the entire
period of training.
We are gratified to record sincere thanks to Mr.Er.Dharmender , Training
in-charge/Instructor for his stimulating guidance, constructive suggestions, keen
interest and encouragement during the entire period of training.
I extend my sincere gratitude to Dr. Nitin Chaudhary , incharge Training and
Placement Cell, COAE&T, Hisar who was instrumental in deputing me for summer
training.

INTRODUCTION
The Northern Region Training & Testing institute ,Hisar (HARYANA) has
been setup by-Governmentof India, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare,
Department of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, New Delhi in the year of 1963.
This institute has been involved with both training and testing activities.
The Institute conducting various type of training program by way of theory ,
practical, utilization, operation & maintenance, auto electrical and dimensional
measurement of engine components. This institute has fully automatic load car
for testing of drawbar horsepower. Institute has also authority for testing of
tractor drawn agriculture implements.

INDEX
S.NO Topic
1 Engine
2 Transmission
3 Hydraulic System
4 Harvesting machines
5 Tillage Implements
6 Irrigation
7 Plant Protection Equipment
8 Tractor Maintenance
9 Electrical System
10 Testing

ENGINE
To study the engine of tractor a stationary engine was dismantled using
various tools and implement. The major parts of engine are cylinder head, engine
block and crankcase. Various tools used for this purpose were spanner both open
and ring spanner adjustable torque wrench.
I was dismantled and assembled 5Hp KIRLOSKAR-AV-1 engine.
Cylinder head consists of the following components:
1] Rocker arm
2] Inlet and exhaust valve
3] Inlet manifold
5] Breather pipe
6] Safety valve
Cylinder block consists of the following
components:
1] Water jacket
2] Cylinder
3] Piston
4] Connecting rod
Crankcase consistsofthe following components:
1] Crankshaft
2] Tappet
3] Flywheel
4] Cam and crank gear
5] Oil pump
6] Oil sump

Specifications of the engine are as follows:
Name Kirloskar 5 hp stationary engine
Type AV-1
No. of cylinder 1
Bore 88 mm ( 3.15 inch )

Stroke 110 mm ( 4.724 inch )
Fuel High speed diesel
Cubic capacity 553 cc
Oil pump capacity 2.85 liters
Fuel tank capacity 4.87 liters
Compression ratio 16:1
Cooling Water cooled
Fuel Injection pump Bush type
Fuel injection timing 270
before TDC
Fuel injection pressure 211 kg/cm2
Bumping clearance 0.90 to 1.5 mm
Maximum piston ring end gap 8 to 10 thou
Piston top ring clearance 2 to 3 thou
Compression ring clearance 2 to 3 thou
Oil ring clearance 1 to 2 thou
Small end bearing clearance 8 to 10 thou

Engine:-
It is a device which converts the thermal energy of the working substance
into useful mechanical energy
Or
Engine converts chemical energy into mechanical energy.
Engine classification:
 Engine cycle
I. Auto cycle
II. Diesel cycle
 Number of stroke:-
I. 2-stroke
II. 4-stroke
 Fuel used :-
I. Petrol engine
II. Diesel engine
 Types of Ignition :-
I. Spark ignition
II. Compression ignition
 Number and Arrangement of Cylinder :-
I. One line cylinder
II. V-type cylinder
III. Opposite cylinder
 Valve Arrangement :-
I. F-head valve
II. I-head valve

III. L-head vale
IV. T-head valve
V. H-head valve
 Types of Cooling :-
I. Water cooled
II. Air cooled
Heat engine is of two types:
1. EXTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE:
Here the combustion uses heat in form of steam, which is generated in
a boiler, placed entirely separate from the working cylinder.
2. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE:
In internal combustion engine, the combustion of fuel takes place
inside the engine cylinder and heat is generated within the
cylinder of the engine. It is the engine designed to derive its
power from the fuel, burnt within the engine cylinder.
Internal combustion engine further divided into two parts:-
 Four stroke I. C. engine
 Two stroke I. C. engine
FOUR STROKE I.C. ENGINE:-
When cycle is completed in two revolutions of the
crankshaft, it is called four stroke I.C. engine. In four stroke cycle
engine, all the events taking place inside the cylinder are completed in
four strokes of the piston.

1) Suction stroke - During suction stroke piston moves TDC to BDC. Due
to this action vacuum is creating inside the cylinder block, air is sucked
inside the cylinder through open inlet valve. Exhaust valve remains
closed here.
2) Compression stroke - Piston moves upward, both inlet and exhaust
valves remain closed. The upward movement of the piston compresses
the air with high pressure and temperature.
3) Power stroke - At the end of the compression stroke injectors injects
the fuel with high pressure. Due to this action combustion is takes place
inside the cylinder and forces piston towards downward. Both inlet and
exhaust valves remains closed here.
4) Exhaust stroke - After combustion takes place burnt gasses presents
inside the engine cylinder, this is upward stoke, so piston pushes the
burnt gasses outside the cylinder through exhaust valve. Inlet valve
remains close here.
VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM: - The exact moment at which the inlet and
outlet valve opens and closes with reference to the position of piston
and crank shown diagrammatically is known as Valve timing diagram..
The timing is expressed in terms of degrees of crank rotation.
Opening and closing of Inlet Valve: The inlet valve is made to open
10degree to 30degree before the piston reaches the Top Dead Center
(TDC) during Suction Stroke and is allowed to close only after 30degree
to 40degree after the piston reaches and leaves the BDC in the
beginning of compression stroke.
Opening and closing
of Exhaust Valve: The
exhaust valve is

made to open 30degree to 60degree before the TDC in the exhaust
stroke and allowed to close only after 80 to 10 in0 the beginning of the
suction stroke.
FIRING INTERVAL: - The interval between two successive power strokes in
different cylinders of the engine is called firing interval and determined as below.
FIRING ORDER 180° 180° 180° 180°
1 P E S C
2 C P E S
3 S C P E
4 E S C P
Dismantling:
The engine was dismantled by following sequence:
I. Firstly closethefuel cockoffueltank and loosethebenjo nut, then removed the
fuel tank.
II. After that removed all the external parts such as air cleaner, inlet manifold,
exhaust manifold, high, medium, low pressure pipeline, injector, fuel filter,

copper washer, fuel injection pump and adjusting shim.
III. After that removed rocker arm box cover by removing wing nut and then
removed completerockerboxassemblyand then removed cylinder head which
contain push rods.
IV. Gasket, cylinder block, shim, timing gear has been removed.
V. After that removed crankcaseinspection plate, then removed the bolts on shell
bearing which connect crank pin and big end of connecting rod.
VI. Then removed the piston with connecting rod also balancing weights.
VII. After that removed the flywheel with the help of wheel puller by removing jib
head key.
VIII. Then removed whole crank shaft.
Assembling:
The engine was assembled by following sequence:
I. In assembling, first assembled the crankshaft and flywheel, then the balancing
weight were mounted on crankshaft.
II. Thenhalf partof shell bearing and pistonwith connectingrod was joined with the
help of two bolts on crank pin.
III. Assembled cylinder block by placing shim then cylinder head was placed.
IV. In cylinder head hold the tappets in upper position and placed the timing gear
shaft (cam shaft). Also placed the push rods and gasket.
V. Placed therocker boxassemblyand assembleall the external parts ofengine such
as air cleaner, inlet manifold, exhaust manifold, high, medium, low pressure
pipeline, injector, fuel filter, copper washer, fuel injection pump and adjusting
shim.
VI. Then we was started the engine.

LUBRICATING SYSTEM:-
I.C. engine is made of many moving parts. Lubrication of moving
parts is essential to prevent all these harmful effects.
PURPOSE OF LUBRICATION:-
a. Reducing frictional effect
b. Cooling effect
c. Sealing effect
d. Cleaning effect
There are three common systems of lubrication:-
1. Splash system (single cylinder)
2. Force feed system (multi cylinder)
3. Combination of splash and force feed system
FUEL SYSTEM IN DIESEL ENGINE:-
Fuel system of diesel engine consists of the following components:
1. Fuel tank
2. Fuel lift pump or feed pump
3. Fuel filter
4. Fuel injection pump
5. High pressure pipe
6. Over flow valve
7. Fuel injector (injection nozzles)

INTAKE & EXHAUST SYSTEM:-
In intake system fresh air
entered into the cylinder engine
and in exhaust system burnt gases
goes out from the cylinder engine.
This complete process is known as
intake and exhaust system. And
this arrangement is known as
intake and exhaust arrangement.
PARTS OF INTAKE AND EXHAUST
SYSTEM: -
1.) Pre air cleaner
2.) Air cleaner
a. Oil wetted type
b. Dry air type
c. Oil bath air cleaner

3.) Intake manifold
4.) Exhaust manifold
5.) Exhaust muffler
6.) Super charger
7.) Turbo charger
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
CLUTCH SYSTEM:-
Clutch is a device used to transfer power from engine
flywheel to gear shaft. Clutch transmits power by means of
friction between driving members and driven members.
TYPES OF CLUTCH
Clutches are of mainly three types-
1) Friction Clutch
2) Dog Clutch
3) Fluid Coupling
Frictional clutch can also further sub
divided into three classes, which are:-
a) Single Plate Clutch
b) Multiple Plate Clutch
c) Cone Clutch

TYPES OF CLUTCH PLATE
i. Rigid type clutch plate
ii. Flexible type clutch plate
iii. Diaphram type
GEAR BOX
Gear box is used to vary speed and torque according to
load. It is situated between engine and rear wheel.
PRINCIPLE OF GEARING
Any combination if gear wheels by means of which motion is
transmitted from one shaft to another shaft is calledgear train.
TYPE OF GEAR BOX
1. Sliding mesh type gear box
2. Constant mesh type gear box
3. Synchronous type gear box

MAIN PARTS OF GEAR BOX
 Driving shaft
 Main shaft
 Counter shaft
 P.T.O. shaft
 Gear
 Auxiliary shaft
 Fork
 Plunger and spring
 Top cover
 Main gear lever
 High and low gear lever
 Gear housing
SLIDING MESH TYPE :-

Sliding mesh gearbox is a transmission system that consists of various
sets of gears and shafts that are arranged together in an organised
fashion and the shifting or meshing of different gear ratios is done by
the sliding of gears towards right and left over the splined shaft with
the help of a gear lever operated by the driver.
CONSTANT MESH TYPE :-
A constant mesh transmission is the type of manual transmission in
which sliding gears from the sliding mesh transmission is replaced with
the constantly meshed pairs of gears and the new shifting devices
named dog clutches are introduced which helps in transmitting the
required output to the main shaft by making contact with the
appropriate pair of the meshed gears.
SYNCHRONOUS TYPE :-

Synchromesh gearbox or transmission system is a type of transmission
system in which the dog clutches from the constant mesh gearbox is
replaced with the special shifting devices known as synchromesh
devices which makes the system compact and also provide smooth and
noise free shifting of gears .
DIFFERENTIAL SYSTEM
Differential unit is a special arrangement of gears to
permit one of the rear wheels of tractor to rotate slower or
faster than the other.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

The gear train used in differential is an epicyclic gear train in
which the axes of rotation of some of the gears are not fixed.
COMPENENTS OF DIFFRENTIAL SYSTEM
1. Taper roller bearing
2. Lock washer
3. Differential casing
4. Differential pinion
5. Sun and star gear
6. Crown wheel
7. Ring
8. Half shaft

The main components of the differential (Fig) are:
1. Input pinion gear
2. Crown wheel gear
3. Differential cage
4. Differential star
5. Differential axle (sun) gear
BRAKE SYSTEM

Brake is used to stop or slow down the motion of a vehicle. It is
mounted on driving axle and operated by two independent
pedals in tractors.
CLASSIFICATION OF BRAKE
1.)Mechanical brake
2.)Hydraulic brake
Mechanical can further be divided in three types:-
i. Internal expanding shoe type
ii. External expanding shoe type
iii. Disc type
Internal expanding shoe type: Two brake shoes made of frictional
material fitted on the inside of the brake drum are held away from the
drum by means of springs. One end of each shoe is fulcrum whereas
the other is free to move by the action of a cam which in turn applies
force on the shoes. The movement of the cam is caused by the brake
pedal through the linkage. The drum is mounted on the rear axle
whereas the shoe assembly is stationary and mounted on the back
plate.
External contracting shoe type: This type of brake system is normally
available on crawler tractors. The brake band directly surrounds the
drum mounted on the drive axle. When the pedal is depressed, the
band tightens the drum
Disc brake: Two actuating discs have holes drilled in each disc in which
steel balls are placed. When the brake pedal is depressed, the links help
to move the two discs in opposite directions. This brings the steel balls

to shallow part of the holes drilled in the disc. As a result, the two discs
are expanded and braking discs are pressed in between the discs and
the stationary housing. The braking discs are directly mounted on the
differential shaft, which ultimately transfers the traveling effect to the
differential shaft.
Hydraulic brake: Hydraulic brake system is based on the principle of
pascal's law. The brake fluid, which is usually a mixture of glycerin and
alcohol, is filled in the master cylinder. When the pedal is depressed,
the piston of the master cylinder is forced into the cylinder and the
entire system turns to a pressure system. Immediately, the pis-ton of
the wheel cylin-der slides outward which moves the brake shoes to
stop the rotat-ing drum. When the pedal is released, the return spring
of the master cylinder moves the piston back to its

TRACTOR HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
Introduction:
The hydraulic system is one of the major outlet in which power output of
tractor engine normally transmitted and controlled to perform useful work on farms
and field. The hydraulic system provides control over the functional operations
such as steering, brakes, power for remote hydraulic cylinders and motors. Prior to
use of three point linkage in tractors the implement was simply pulled by tractors
and for increasing /decreasing the depth, a depth control wheel was used. Since the
hydraulic system offers many advantages, it is largely used for operation of farm
equipments and other units in a tractor now days. Near about 1935, hydraulic
system was introduced initially with two point linkage and after continuous
research and development up to 1940; it is incorporated with three point linkage
system in the tractors.

Definition:
The term ‘Hydraulics’ originated from the Greek word “Hydro” means
water and “olic” means tubes / pipes. Hydraulics is the science which deals with
behavior of fluids in motion and stand still (hydrodynamic and hydrostatic).
Pascal observed that “Pressure applied to a fluid in a closed container is
transmitted with equal intensity throughout the liquid and at right angles to the
surface of the container “.
As per Pascal’s law, the basic principle of hydraulics is:
1. Liquid have no shape their own.
2. Liquid are almost incompressible.
3. Liquid transmits applied pressure in all direction.
4. Liquid provide great increase in work force.

Advantages:
Hydraulic power transmission has several Advantages over mechanical power
transmission (mechanical linkage and levers, belts and pulleys, drive shafts etc.).
These include:
 Increased flexibility:
 Infinitely variable speed:
 Multiplication of forces:
 Reduced wear
 Increased automation potential:
 Decreased equipment damage
 Reversibility:
Disadvantages:
Despite the many advantages, hydraulic power transmission does have
some disadvantages. Three primary disadvantages are:
 Use of high pressure
 Need for cleanliness
 Safety hazards
Tractor hydraulic system:
A hydraulic system with reference to a tractor is considered to be a unit
responsible for lifting or lowering an implement. The tractor hydraulic system
fitted with the following basic components:
o Reservoir
o Relief valve

o Pump
o Cylinder
o Safety valve
o Filter
o Strainer
Types of hydraulic system:
1. Open centre hydraulic system:
In an open centre hydraulic system, the directional control valves, pump and
reservoir ports are connected when the valve is in the center position. This
connection of the pump and reservoir ports allows the output of the pump to
unload to the reservoir when the directional control valve is in the neutral position.
In addition, the load ports can discharge to the reservoir when the valving device is
in the centre position. Thus, a hydraulic cylinder under load would not hold its
position when the directional control valve shifted to the centre position
An open center hydraulic system will have constant fluid flow from the
pump to the reservoir when the direction control valve is in center position. Also,
when the directional control valve is in the neutral position, fluid pressure will
drop to a minimum value since the fluid has a low resistance back to the reservoir.
Because of this pressure drop, open center hydraulic systems experience a response
delay when the control valve is shifted from the neutral position, since the
hydraulic system must be brought back to working pressure before work can be
accomplished. This response delay is undesirable in many agricultural applications,
especially with tractors.

Fig.Shows that the load ports are open to the reservoir when the direction control
valve is in the neutral position. Since this is the case, a hydraulic cylinder under
load would not hold its position with the directional control valve in the center
position. This is disadvantage in much agriculture operation.
Open center hydraulic systems were once widely used in agricultural
tractors. However, as a greater demand for rapid response hydraulic power. (Power
brakes, power steering, remote hydraulics) became more common, open center
systems were largely replaced by closed center and tandem center hydraulic
system.
2. Closed centre hydraulic system:
In a closed center hydraulic system, all ports in the directional control valve
are blocked when the valve device is in center position.
Closed centre hydraulic systems maintain hydraulic pressure when in the neutral
position. Because fluid pressure is maintained, the system actuator(s) respond
almost immediately when the directional control valve is shifted. Also, since the
load ports are blocked in the center position, a hydraulic cylinder controlled by a
closed center directional control valve will hold its position when the valve is
centered. (Safety warning: Never work under a load held in place only by a

hydraulic cylinder. If a leak should develop, the load would fall, causing serious
injury.)
In a closed –center system, hydraulic fluid can flow through the directional
control valve and back to reservoir when the valve is in neutral position. If a fixed
displacement pump is used in a closed center system, a special type of valve
(called an unloading valve) is often used to divert the pump output back to the
reservoir when the valve device is in the center position.
If a variable displacement pump is used in a closed –center system, no
special provision for unloading the pump output is necessary. The pump stops
pumping when the direction control valve is in the center position.
Hydraulic control of a tractor:
The hydraulic actuation of tractor lift allows for smooth lifting and dropping
of tractor-driven stock, holding in a given position or optimally making use of the
actuating power. If constructed as a closed control system, the disturbing quantities
are incessantly corrected. There are, according to the type of control quantity, the
following solutions.
Position / Placement control:
This is suitable for seed-planting technology which demands both
maintaining constant operating height (So that there is little or no penetration of the
soil.) and little traction.

Draft / traction control:
This is used for tilling uneven areas and soil of variable resistance. The
operating depth of the plough is constantly changed in order to maintain constant
traction.
Mixed control:
This indicates position and traction, which are control quantities, and is
suitable for tilling lighter and homogeneous soil.
STEERING SYSTEM

 The steering system is required to control the direction of motion
of the vehicle (tractor in our case). This is done through a series of
links used to convert the rotation of the steering wheel into
change of angle of the axis of the steering wheels. Another
function of the steering system is to provide directional stability.
The motion of the vehicle being steered needs to become straight
ahead when the force on the steering wheel is removed. The
design of the steering system should be such that it should cause
minimum wear of the tyres of the wheels.
The steering system can be classified into from wheel steering, rear
wheel steering or all wheel steering.
The system, governing the angular movement of front wheels of a
tractor is called steering system. This system steering wheel minimizes
the efforts of the operator in turning the front wheel with the
application of leverages. The different components of the system are:
 steering wheel
 steering shaft
 steering gear
 pitman arm (drop arm)
 drag link
 steering arm
 tie rod and
 king pin.
TRACTOR DRIVING
PRE-CHECKINGS BEFORE STARTING
1. Fuel oil should be checked in the fuel tank.

2. Engine oil should be checked by dipstick.
3. Water level in radiator should be checked.
4. Air cleaner should be checked.
5. Grease point should be checked.
6. Free play checking in steering, brake and clutch.
7. Air pressure in tyres should be checked.
8. Checking for any leakage.
PRE-CHECKINGS AFTER STARTING
1. Any unnecessary noise should be checked.
2. All the gauges i.e. pressure gauge, temp. gauge etc.
should be checked
3. Hydraulic lift should be checked.
4. Brakes should be checked.
METHOD OF STARTING
1. Open the fuel cock.
2. Put the gear shift lever and P.T.O. lever into neutral
position
3. Put the throttle lever in about 3/4th
position.
4. Turn the decompression lever, depress the clutch pedal
and turn the starting key to the on position.

PRECUATION DURING OPERATING:-
1. When some unusual sounds are heard in the tractor, it
should be stopped immediately.
2. If the battery charging indicator does not show charging
current, the tractor should be stopped to find the cause.
3. If the temperature gauge is not showing normal
temperature the engine should be stopped to find cause.
4. If the black smoke is continuously coming out of the
engine, the load should be decreased.
5. Gear should never be changed when tractor is in motion.
6. Never ride on the drawbar or the implement.
7. Always engage the clutch gently.
8. Always keep the tractor in gear while going down the slop.
9. Reduce speed before making a turn or applying brakes.
10. Never get down from tractor when it is in motion.

METHOD OF STOP
1. Pull the throttle lever and reduce the engine speed to the
lowest possible limit.
2. Depress the clutch pedal and press the brake pedal of the
tractor to stop the motion of the tractor.
3. Put the gear shift lever into neutral position.
4. Turn off the main switch.
HARVESTING MACHINERY
HARVESTING
Harvesting is the process of cutting, plucking, picking, digging for the
crop under and above ground.
There are mainly three types of harvesting machines:-
1. Animal drawn
2. Manually operated
3. Power operated
ANIMAL DRAWN
Ollpad, Thresher, Axial Flow Drum etc.

MANUALLY OPERATED
Sickle. Kudali, Digger etc.
POWER OPERATED
i.) Self Propelled: - Reaper,
Reaper Binder, Combine
Harvester etc.
ii.) Tractor Operated: -
Thresher, Potato digger,
Tractor Operated Combine
Harvester etc.
REAPER
Basic components of a reaper
1. Engine
2. Chain socket
3. Star wheel
4. Crop divider
5. Cutter bar
6. Belt conveyor
7. Drive wheel
8. Frame

COMBINE HARVESTER
It is a harvesting machinery which cuts, threshes, clean and store the
crop.
Self propelled combine are available with power range from 90 HP to
180 HP in India.
Basic units in a
combine harvester
1. Cutting unit
2. Feeding unit
3. Threshing unit
4. Separating unit
5. Cleaning unit

IRRIGATION EQUIPMENTS
Irrigation is artificial application of water to soil o the purpose of crop
production. It is supplied to supplement the water available from rainfall and
contributes to soil moisture or ground water. With a fifth of worlds irrigated area,
India has second largest area under irrigation.
Classification:-
Irrigation –
A) Surface irrigation –
1. Micro irrigation-
 Drip
 Sprinkler irrigation system
1. Macro irrigation-
 Check furrow
 Border irrigation
 Strip irrigation
 Flood irrigation.
B) Subsurface irrigation –
 Trenches and pipes.
Irrigation pumps:
Irrigation pump can basically be classified as:

1. Positive Displacement Pump: Positive displacement pump are those pumps
which discharge the same volume of liquid regardless o the head against which
they operate.
 Reciprocating pump
 Rotary pump
2. Variable Displacement Pump: Variable
displacement pumps are those pumps in
which the discharge varies according
to change in head. Comparatively the
discharge is high in the variable
displacement pump. The following
are available displacement pumps.
 Centrifugal pump
 Submersible pump
 Jet pum
TILLAGE
Tillage:
It is a mechanical manipulation of soil to provide favorable condition for the
crop production.

Objective of tillage:
1. Provide a deep seed bed of good structure.
2. To incorporate crop residues and manure into the soil in order to add more
humus and fertility to the soil.
3. To destroy and control weeds by burying the whole plant and cutting the
deeper roots.
4. To leave the soil in a condition so as to have excellent aeration.
5. To facilitate soil conditions suitable for introducing the seed into firm contact
of soil with a minimum of further cultivation.
6. To bury surface soil which has lost its structure under traffic and so expose a
new and un-damaged surface.
Classification and types of tillage:
1. Primary tillage:
It constitutes the initial major soil working operation. The operation
performed to open up any cultivable land with a view to prepare seed bed for
growing crops is called as primary tillage. The implements used for primary
tillage is called primary tillage implements for e.g. mould board plough, disc
plough , subsoil plough , chisel plough and other similar implements.
2. Secondary tillage:
Tillage operations following primary tillage which are performed to
create proper soil tilth for seeding and planting are calledSecondary tillage.
The implements used for secondary tillage is called Secondary tillage
implements, for e.g. Harrow, Cultivator, Levelers, Clod Crushers and similar
implements.

Types of plough:
I. Indigenous plough
II. Mouldboard plough (15-18 cm depth)
III. Disc plough (Steel discs, diameter of 60-90, Disc angle 42-45 degree, Tilt
angle 15-25degree, depth 18-24cm)
IV. Chisel plough (26-36 cm depth)
V. Subsoiler (75-100 cm depth)

Methods of Ploughing:-
Gathering (Centre to side):
Whenever a plough works round a strip of ploughed land it is said to be
"gathering". The ridge is formed exactly midway between the two side
boundaries. This is good practice for leveling the field with has lower elevation in
centre.
Casting: (Side to Centre):
Whenever a plough works round a strip of unploughed land it is said to be
casting. This is good practice for fields having higher elevation in centre.
Fig 5.Gatheing method of tillage Fig.6.Casting method of tillage
Secondary Tillage Implements
Different types of implements like cultivators, harrows, planksand rollers are
used for secondary tillage.
Tractor Drawn Cultivator:
Cultivator is an implement used for finer operations like breaking clods and
working the soil to a fine tilth in the preparation of seedbed. Cultivator is also
known as tiller or tooth harrow. Itis used to further loosen the previously
ploughed land beforesowing.

Harrows
Harrows areused for shallow cultivation in operations such as preparation of
seedbed, covering seeds and destroying weed seedlings. Harrows a~of two types:
disc harrow and blade harrow. '
Disc Harrow
The disc harrow consists of a number of concave discs of 45 to 55 cm in diameter.
These discs are smaller in sizethan disc plough, but more number of discs are
arranged on a frame. These discs are fitted 15cmapart on axles. Two sets of discs
are mounted on two axles. All the discs revolvetogether with axles. The discs cut
through the soil and effectively pulverise the clods
Rotavator:
Rotavators are mainly used for:
 Preparing the land suitable for sowing (without overturning of the soil)
 For eradicating weeds
 Mixing manure or fertilizer into soil
 To breakup and renovate pasture for crushing clods

Implements for sowing
Plough
The seeds are dropped by hand in the furrow formed by the country plough. The
seeds faIlat uneven depths due to falling at randomin furrow slice. To avoid this
problem Akkadiis used. Akkadiis a hollow bamboo tube which is sharpened at
one end and with wide hopper at another end. Itis tied to country plough with
the help of a rope and seeds dropped in the akkadi's hopper. Seeds pass through
the tube and fall in the furrow opened by the plough.
SeedDrill
Seed drill consists of a wooden beam to which 3 to 6 tynes are fixed. These tynes
open the furrows into which the seeds are dropped. Holes are made into these

tynes and into these holes, the bottom ends of bamboo or metal seed tubes are
fitted. These seed tubes are connected at the top to a wooden seed receptacle
called hopper. The seeds are fed at a uniformrate 'into this hopper by skilled
labour walking behind the seed drill.
Ferti-cum-SeedDrill
Fertilisers are placed at a depth of 5 cm and 5 cm away fromseed rows for
effective utilisation of fertilisers. Both operations viz. drilling seeds and fertilizers
are done simultaneously by ferti-cum-seed drill. It is similar to seed drill, but with
extra tynes and hopper for drilling fertilizers.
Mechanical SeedDrill
The seed drill consists of a seed drumwith holes in the bottom plate
corresponding to the number of seed tubes for passing the seed into the seed
tubes. A rotating disc has holes in a circular path and it is kept over a bottom
plate. When the holes of rotating disc and bottom plate coincide, seed falls into
the tube on its way into the soil. The distance between two holes in rotating disc
is proportionalto the inter-row spacing of crop. For sowing seeds of different
sizes, rotating discs with different sized holes are used. There is provision for

altering the distance between the rows by changing distance between the tynes.
Inter-row spacing can bechanged by using rotating discs with more space
between the holes. Seed drills with different mechanisms for automatic drilling of
seed are also available.
Implements for intercultivation
Wooden plough
Small blade harrow
Weeders – Rotary weeders
Country plough and ridge ploughs are used for earthing sugarcane, potato etc.
Country plough is run to a shallow depth to controlweeds in widely spaced crops
and fruit trees.
Small sizedblade harrows arewidely used for intercultivation. Several of them
are designed by local artisans to suit special purposes and are given local names.
These are simple in design, easy to make, cheap and serve the purpose
excellently.
Intercultivation in close growing crops is done with danthiand each danthicovers
one row only. A number of danthisare attached to a yokefor covering morearea.
The length of the blade of pilla guntaka ranges from30 to 45cm. Depending on
the inter-row spacing of the crop, the blade length is 10cmless than the inter-row
spacing of the crop.
Tobacco blade harrow has longer blade than its beam so as to scrapethe weeds
on the soil without damaging the brittle petioles of tobacco.
Star weeder is a small implement pushed by manual labour. Itconsists of a long
wooden or iron vertical rod with a small horizontalrod for holding the implement.
To the other end, two star like wheels and a smallblade of 10 cm are attached.
The pointed teeth of rotating wheels loosen the soil and help in easy mobility of
the implement while the blade helps in cutting the weeds. Itis usefulto control
small weeds in closegrowing crops like groundnut, foxtail millet etc.

STRAW MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTS :-

 HAI RAK
 HAPPYSEEDER
 STRAW COMBINE
 STRAW BAILER
PLANT PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
PLANT PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
The equipments used to protect crops as well as orchard plants from
harmful diseases, insects, pests and fungus.
Chemical are sprayed or dusted over plants by sprayer or chemical
duster.
There are mainly two types of plant protecting equipments:-
1.) Sprayer
2.) Duster
Sprayer
It is the equipment by using which chemicals or pesticides are sprayed.
BASIC COMPONENTS OF A SPRAYER
1.) Nozzle body 2.) Swirl plate
3.) Filter 4.) Over flow pipe
5.) Relief valve 6.) Pressure regulator
7.) Cut off valve 8.) Spray boom

9.) Nozzle disc
10.) Nozzle cap
11.) Nozzle tip
12.) Spray gun
Types of Spray
1. High volume spray- More than 400 litres spray/ha
2. Low volume spray- 5 to400 litres spray/ha
3. Ultra low volume (ULV) spray- Less than 5 litres spray/ha
DUSTER:-
It is an equipment which apply chemical, pesticides or
insecticides in dust form.

BASIC COMPONENT OF A DUSTER:-
1.) Hopper
2.) Agitator
3.) Feed control
4.) Blower
5.) Delivery nozzle
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
Electrical system is an important part of Tractor. This system is used for
two purposes:
1. To start the tractor
2. Lighting purpose
Electrical system consists of following things: -
Battery It converts chemical energy into electrical energy.
Alternator It is a type of A. C. generator which converts mechanical
energy into electrical energy.

Dynamo It converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. It is a D.
C. generator.
Self starter It is a device which converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy.
Solenoidswitch It is used to push the pinion gear.
Cut out unit It is a safety unit. It saves battery from overcharging and
self discharging.
PARTS OF BATTERY
1. Battery container
2. Negative plate
3. Positive plate
4. Separator
5. Cell cover
6. Vent plug
7. Sealing compound
8. Cell connector
9. Battery +ve pole
10.Battery –ve pole
Systematic diagram
of Tractor electrical
system:-

TRACTOR MAINTAINENCE
MAINTAINENCE:-
The tractor plays a significant role in mechanized agriculture. To keep it
working for a long time at a minimum cost, it requires an adequate and
timely maintenance. Read the maintenance manual given by the tractor
manufacturer and follow the procedures mentioned.
To make your tractor efficient and cost effective, avail the services of a
skilled mechanic; use the right grade of oil and genuine spare parts.
You should always be aware of the condition of your tractor.
Are all the oil levels where they should be what about high
maintenance items such as hoses and belts? Do all the lights work on
the tractor? When was the last time you checked tires?
Daily / Everyday (After 8-10 hours of work)
1. Check the level of oil in the engine. It should be done 15 minutes
after the engine has cooled down. If found deficient, the level should be
replenished with engine oil of the right grade.
2. Check the water of the radiator and refill it.

3. Clean the air cleaner and check the oil level. If it is less, fill it to the
required level. Fill clean oil in case the existing oil has become dirty.
Weekly (After 50-60 hours of work):-
1. Repeat the daily maintenance measure.
2. Check the air pressure in the tyres. If the pressure is low, get the
necessary air.
3. Check the elasticity of the fan-belt under the pressure of the thumb.
It should stretch to a degree of 12 & 18 mm.
4. Clean the air cleaner and fill it with an oil of the right grade.
5. The water stored in the oil filter should be drained out by the drain
plug.
6. Check the water-level of the battery. If water is found below the
limit, fill it with distilled water.
7. Check the level of the oil in the gear box.
After a fortnight (120 to 125 hours of work:-)
1. Repeat the weekly schedule of maintenance.
2. Apply oil to the Dynamo and the starter.
3. Clean the carbon in the smoke-tube.
4. Change the engine oil. To do so, keep the tractor in starting position
for a while and then switch it off so as to heat up the entire oil, then
drain out the oil through the drain plug and fill fresh and clean oil of the
right grade.
5. In case the oil filter is made of paper, element, cloth, felt, etc. change
them. Clean the metallic oil filter.
6. Check the feel play of clutch and brake, it should be 15mm long.
Adjust it according to the need.
Monthly (After 250 hours of work):-
1. Repeat every step of fortnightly maintenance.
2. If it is advised to clean the primary diesel filter, clean it or change it.
3. Wash the filters of the tap of the oil-tank.

4. Check the water in the battery. If its relative density is below the
mark, change the battery.
After two months (500 hours of work):-
1. Follow the monthly schedule of maintenance.
2. Change the other element of diesel filter.
3. Get the injector and diesel pump checked either by an authorized
dealer or an experienced mechanic.
4. Contact your authorized dealer or an experienced mechanic for the
inspection of valve.
5. Get the dynamo and the self starter inspected.
6. Open the oil tank and clean it.
After four months (1000-1200 hours of work):-
1. Follow the bi-monthly maintenance schedule.
2. Drain out the oil of the gear box and fill it with a clean oil of the right
grade.
3. Drain out the oil of the rear-axle and fill clean oil.
4. Change the oil of the Belt-pulley or grease it.
5. Clean the filter of the Hydraulic pump.
6. Change the steering oil.
7. Change the grease of the front wheel.

TESTING OF TRACTOR’S AND
INTERPRETATION OF TEST
RESULTS (AN)
Nature of tests:
Different types of test are conducted as per the requirement of the applicants,
they are
Commercial test:
To establish performance characteristics of machines that is in or ready for
commercial production. The following types of tests are included in this
category.
 Initial Commercial Test for indigenous or imported machines ready for
commercial production.
 Batch Test for machines which have already undergone Initial
Commercial Test and/or are being manufactured commercially in the
country.
 CONFIDENCIAL TESTS – To provide information to the manufacturers
CMVR: To test/inspect tractors, combine harvesters for issuance of certificate
under Central Motor Vehicle Rules. This is an essential test for road worthiness of
tractor.
OECT test: On machines exclusively for export purposes. To facilitate trade by
enabling either an exporting or an importing country to accept with confidence the
results of tests carried out in another country. At present, 28 countries participating

in OECD testing .Members Countries are Czech Republic, Iceland, Japan,
Republic of Korea, Norway, Poland, Slovak Republic, Switzerland, Turkey, US
and 18 of the 25 states of EU. India, China and Russian Federation are the non
member participating countries. The OECD head quarter is located at Paris France.
Variant testing: Conducted on variant models of tractor, the base model of which
has already undergone for the commercial testing. The variant feature may be
addition/deletion/supplementation of the features as defined under conditions so as
to have evaluation of their performance. The variant model (s) may be arrived from
a Base Model by the addition / deletion / supplementation of any one or more of
the features. For new variants (which are not added in the list of variants while
submitting the Base Model for ICT), following checks shall be made for
conformity of sample
 Specifications in full
 2 Hrs. Max. PTO power test ( N.A.) -Within 7.5% below 35Ps and 5%
for above 35Ps
 Theoretical Speed - (Within 15% of base model)
 Tests relevant to applicable features
Types of test conducted under initial commercial test:
Lab tests:
a) Power tests-
 PTO performance test
 Drawbar performance test
 Hydraulic power and lifting capacity test
b) Safety tests-
 Brake test

 Centre of gravity test
 Turning ability test
c) Ergonomics tests-
 Noise measurement
 Mechanical vibration test
 Visibility from driver's seat
 Smoke level
d) Miscellaneous tests-
 Air cleaner oil pullover test
 Component/Assembly inspection
Field test:
 Performance evaluation with matching implements for a fixed number of
hours.
 Haulage test with matching trailers to assess on road performance.
Power test:
A tractor is a source of power under stationery and mobile conditions.
Therefore, the first step of its performance evaluation is to determine the maximum
power and torque together with SFC and variation of these characteristics over the
entire governed speed range. The engine BHP has no importance to the user, as he
is concerned with the power available at the power outlets of the tractor and
therefore in laboratory the power is measured at all the power outlets viz. Power
take-off shaft, drawbar and hydraulic lift.
MAJOR TEST CONDUCTED DURING TESTING ARE
PERFORMANCE TEST
 PTO Performance (IS:12036)

 Drawbar Performance (IS:12226)
 Hydraulic Performance (IS:12224)
SAFETY TEST
 Braking Performance (IS:12061)
 Location of C.G (IS:10743)
 Turning Ability (IS:11859)
 Safety Tests (IS:12239)
COMFORT AND ENVIRONMENTAL TEST
 Noise Level (IS:12180)
 Mechanical Vibration (IS:5944)
 Smoke Level (IS:12062)
 Operator's Field of Vision (IS:11442)
MISCLLANEOUS TEST
 Air Cleaner Oil Pullover (IS:5994)
 Field and Haulage Test (IS:9253)
 Component or Assembly Inspection (IS:5994)

AUTOCAD TRAINNG
In university 15 days workshop was organized on Auto CAD under a advance
training programe held from 4 november to 18 november 2019 . in which we
learn basic about Auto cad and how to use different tools in auto cad .
AutoCAD is a commercial computer-aided design (CAD) and drafting software
application. Developed and marketed by Autodesk, AutoCAD was first released in
December 1989 as a desktop app running on microcomputers with internal
graphics controllers. Before AutoCAD was introduced, most commercial CAD
programs ran on mainframe computers or minicomputers, with each CAD
operator (user) working ata separategraphics terminal. Since 2010, AutoCAD was
released as a mobile- and web app as well, marketed as AutoCAD 360.
Introduction
AutoCAD was derived from a program that began in 1977, and then released in
1979 called Interact CAD also referred to in early Autodesk documents as
MicroCAD, which was written prior to Autodesk's (then Marinchip Software
Partners) formation by Autodesk cofounder Michael Riddle.
The first version by Autodesk was demonstrated at the 1982 Comdex and
released that December. AutoCAD supported CP/M-80 computers. As Autodesk's
flagship product, by March 1986 AutoCAD had become the most ubiquitous CAD
programworldwide. The2020 release marked the 34th major release of AutoCAD

for Windows. The 2019 releasemarked the ninth consecutiveyear of AutoCAD for
Mac. The native file format of AutoCAD is .dwg. This and, to a lesser extent, its
interchange file format DXF, have become de facto, if proprietary, standards for
CAD data interoperability, particularly for 2D drawing exchange.[citation needed]
AutoCAD has included support for .dwf, a format developed and promoted by
Autodesk, for publishing CAD data.
TOOLS
Various components of the basic AutoCAD screen are menu bar, drawing area,
several toolbars, command window, model and layout tabs and status bar. The
title bar has AutoCAD symboland the currentdrawing name is displayed on top of
the screen. The various AutoCAD tools present to assist in drawing a certain
part/component, the most basic types used are:
 Line
 Circle
 Rectangle
 Polyline
 Trim
 Extend
 Copy
 Mirror
 Rotate
 Erase
 Offset

 Move
 Array
 Scale
 Fillet
 Explode
Here are the various AutoCAD Tools which are given below
1) Line: You can invoke the LINE command by choosing the LINE tool from
the Draw panel or you can also invoke the LINE tool by entering LINE or L at
the Command Prompt. You will have to specify the starting point of the line
by clicking mouse then you will be prompted to specify the second point.
You can terminate the LINEcommand by pressing ENTER, ESC or SPACEBAR.
2) Circle: A circle is drawn by using the CIRCLE command. You can draw a
circle by using six different tools ie: by specifying center and radius, by
specifying center and diameter, by specifying two diametrical ends, by
specifying three points on a circle, tangent to two objects, tangent to three
objects.
3) Rectangle: You can draw rectangles by specifying two oppositecorners of
the rectangle, by specifying the area and the size of one of the sides or by
specifying the dimensions of the rectangle.

4) Polyline: Polylines means many lines. To draw a polyline, you need to
invoke the PLINE command. After invoking the PLINE command and
specifying the start point, the following prompt is displayed: AutoCAD Tools
5)
6) AutoCAD Tools
7) Introduction to AutoCAD Tools
8)
9) Various components of the basic AutoCAD screen are menu bar, drawing
area, severaltoolbars, command window, model and layout tabs and status
bar. The title bar has AutoCAD symbol and the current drawing name is
displayed on top of the screen. The various AutoCAD tools present to assist
in drawing a certain part/component, the most basic types used are:
10)
11) Line
12) Circle
13) Rectangle
14) Polyline
15) Trim
16) Extend
17) Copy
18) Mirror
19) Rotate
20) Erase
21) Offset
22) Move

Array
Scale
Fillet
Explode
Various AutoCAD Tools
Here are the various AutoCAD Tools which are given below
1) Line: You can invoke the LINE command by choosing the LINE tool from
the Draw panel or you can also invoke the LINE tool by entering LINE or L at
the Command Prompt. You will have to specify the starting point of the line
by clicking mouse then you will be prompted to specify the second point.
You can terminate the LINEcommand by pressing ENTER, ESC or SPACEBAR.
2) Circle: A circle is drawn by using the CIRCLE command. You can draw a
circle by using six different tools ie: by specifying center and radius, by
specifying center and diameter, by specifying two diametrical ends, by
specifying three points on a circle, tangent to two objects, tangent to three
objects.

3) Rectangle: You can draw rectangles by specifying two oppositecorners of
the rectangle, by specifying the area and the size of one of the sides or by
specifying the dimensions of the rectangle.
4) Polyline: Polylines means many lines. To draw a polyline, you need to
invoke the PLINE command. After invoking the PLINE command and
specifying the start point, the following prompt is displayed:
Specify start point: specify the starting point or enter its coordinates
Current line width is: nn.nnnn(00.0000)
Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: specify the
endpoint of the first polyline segment.
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: specify
the endpoint of the second polyline segment or press ENTER to exit the
command.
5) Trim: When creating a design, you may need to remove the unwanted
and extending edge. In such cases, you can use the Trim tool. On invoking
the Trim tool you will be prompted to select the cutting edges. These edges
can be lines, polylines, circles, arcs, ellipses, rays, splines, text, blocks, xlines

or even viewports. After the cutting edge/edges are selected, you must
select each object to be trimmed.
6) Extend: The Extend tool may be considered as the opposite of the Trim
tool. You can extend lines, polylines, rays, and arcs to meet the other
objects using the Extend tool. You can use this option whenever you want
to extend the objects that do not actually intersect the boundary edge but
would intersect its edge if the boundary edges were extended.
AutoCAD Tools 1
7) Copy: This tool is used to make the copies of the selected objects and
place them at the specified location. On invoking this tool, you need to
select the objects and then specify the base point. Next, you need to
specify the second point where the copied objects have to be placed. You
can continue specifying the second point for creating multiple copies of the
selected entities.
8) Mirror: This tool is used to create a mirror copy of the selected objects.
The objects can be mirrored at any angle. This tool is helpful in drawing
symmetrical figures. On invoking this tool, you will be prompted to select
objects. On selecting objects to be mirrored, you will be prompted to enter
the first point of the mirror line and the second point of the mirror line. A
mirror line is an imaginary line about which the objects are mirrored.

9) Rotate: On invoking this tool, you will be prompted to select the objects
and the base point about which the selected objects will be rotated. By
default, a positive angle results in counterclockwise rotation, whereas a
negative angle results in a clockwise rotation. The Rotate tool can also be
invoked from the shortcut menu by selecting an object and right-clicking in
the drawing area and choosing Rotate from the shortcut menu.
10) Erase: Sometimes, you need to erase the unwanted objects from the objects
drawn. To erase an object, choose Erase tool from the Modify panel. To invoke
the Modify toolbar, choose View>Windows>Toolbars>AutoCAD>Modify from the
ribbon. On invoking the Erase tool, a small box, known as pick box, replaces the
screen cursor. To erase the object, select it by using the pick box; the selected
object will be displayed in dashed lines and the Select objects prompt will be
displayed again. You can either continue selecting the objects or press ENTER to
terminate the object selection process and erase the selected objects.
11) Offset: You can use the Offset tool to draw parallel lines, polylines,
concentric circles, arcs, curves, etc., While offsetting an object, you need to
specify the offset distance and the side to offset.
12) Move: The Move tool is used to move one or more objects from their
current location to a new location without changing their size or
orientation.

13) Array: In some cases, you may need to create an object multiple times in a
rectangular or circular arrangement. This type of arrangement can be obtained
by creating an array of objects. In Rectangular Array, you need to mention the
number of rows and columns along with the Row offset distance and Column
offset distance. Whereas in Polar Array you need to specify the Center point
around which you need the number of objects.
14) Scale: Sometimes you need to change the size of objects in a drawing.
For this purpose, the Scale tool comes in handy.
15) Fillet: The edges in a model are generally filleted to reduce the area of
stress concentration. The fillet tool helps form round corners between any
two entities that form a sharp vertex.
16) Explode: This tool is useful when you have inserted an entire drawing
and you need to alter a small detail. After you invoke the Explode tool, you
are prompted to select the objects you want to explode. After selecting the
objects, press ENTER or right-click to explode the selected objects and then
end the command.

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