Spatio-temporal diversification of Cereus (Cactaceae,Cereeae) in South America: new evidence based on genomic data and trait evolution

1. Spatio-temporal diversification of Cereus (Cactaceae,
Cereeae) in South America: new evidence based on
genomic data and trait evolution
Danilo T. Amaral1,2*, Isis M. Yano1, Monique Romeiro-Brito1, Isabel A.S. Bonatelli1, Evandro M.
Moraes1, Fernando F. Franco1
1 Department of Biology. Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar). Sorocaba, Brazil.
2 Graduate Program in Comparative Biology. Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.
*E-mail: danilo.trabuco@gmail.com

2. INTRODUCTION
 NGS techniques  improved the amount of genetic data and accuracy of phylogenetic
reconstructions applied to biogeographic studies.
 Cereus  promising biological model to study drivers of diversification in open formations
of the Neotropics
 widespread along the biomes associated to the South American Dry Diagonal (i.e,
Chaco, Cerrado, and Caatinga), and present in xeric areas embedded into Amazon and
Brazilian Atlantic Forest.
 Here, we employed a multilocus approach using ddRAD-seq and phenotype traits within
Cereus species to:
 Estimate divergence times;
 Reconstruct the biogeographic history and ancestral character states.
(Adapted from Hunt, 2006 and E.M. Moraes)
C. jamacaru
C. mirabella
C. hildmannianus

3. MATERIAL & METHODS
filters the loci by
criteria
(clock-likeness,
tree length, and
topological conflict)
iPyraD v.0.7.2
(50 % missing data)
+
SortaDate
1,500 loci
BEAST v2.5.2
*BCT clade: lognormal
distribution (95% HPD:
35.8-4.5 Ma)
*Secondary calibration
Datação
2.0
Cereus_jamacaru_calcirupicula_S38V7B
Cereus_jamacaru_calcirupicula_S44V3
Cereus_aethiops_S77A30
Cereus_fricii_S152A8
Cereus_fernambucensis_sericifer_S76F6
Echinopsis_formosa_S152A15
Pilosocereus_arrabidae_S35M1A
Cipocereus_bradei_S137A1
Cereus_saddianus_S103D
Cereus_fernambucensis_fernambucensis_S104F4
Cereus_hankeanus_S152A6
Cereus_fernambucensis_sericifer_S77A24
Cereus_fernambucensis_fernambucensis_S80F8
Cereus_kroenleinii_S131F4
Cereus_stenogonus_S149v11
Haageocereus_pseudomelanostele_S152A2
Cereus_stenogonus_S149V15
Cereus_jamacaru_jamacaru_S113F5
Cereus_saddianus_S99A6
Cereus_hexagonus_S152A9
Uebelmannia_pictinifera_S62A19
Cereus_fernambucensis_fernambucensis_S72F12
Gymnocalycium_denudatum_S152A3
Cereus_jamacaru_jamacaru_S113F7
Cereus_fernambucensis_fernambucensis_S72F11
Cereus_hildmannianus_S103C
Browningia_hertilingiana_S152A7
Cereus_albicaulis_S38V6B
Praecereus_euchlorus_S150F2
Cereus_spegazzinni_S149V14
Cereus_fernambucensis_sericifer_S76F10
Cereus_albicaulis_S77A17
Cereus_fernambucensis_sericifer_S85F3
Cereus_spegazzinni_S77A31
Cereus_bicolor_S103E1
Cereus_insularis_S115C41
Cipocereus_minensis_S153A1
Cereus_jamacaru_jamacaru_S110F4
Cereus_mirabella_S151V3
Cereus_bicolor_S52V3
Cereus_cochabambensis_S152A10
Cereus_fernambucensis_fernambucensis_S114F15
Cereus_fernambucensis_fernambucensis_S114F19
Espostoopsis_dybowskii_S152A13
Cereus_fernambucensis_fernambucensis_S104F17
Cereus_fernambucensis_fernambucensis_S80F9
Cereus_insularis_S115A8
Praecereus_saxicola_S149V16
Cereus_insularis_S115B21
Cereus_fernambucensis_sericifer_S85F2
Samaipaticereus_corroanus_S152A14
Matucana_intertexta_S152A1
Cereus_mirabella_S147F6
Oreocereus_celsianus_S152A5
Micranthocereus_auriazureus_S26A16
Cereus_pierre-braunianus_S145F4
Praecereus_euchlorus_S150F1
Cereus_fernambucensis_sericifer_S88F3
Cereus_trigonodendron_S152A4
Cereus_fernambucensis_sericifer_S88F4
Cereus_bicolor_S144F2
Cereus_hildmannianus_S90V3
Cereus_pierre-braunianus_S77A7
1.72
4.2
7.34
5.95
0.15
5.55
0.1
3.65
1.63
0.11
0.62
0.46
0.66
0.22
18.12
1.57
6.17
1.31
1.71
1.43
0.15
12.69
12.49
0.13
0.25
0.58
0.84
1.12
2.11
0.12
0.19
0.04
3.31
0.63
1.4
0.12
10.05
9.27
2.19
0.65
0.53
0.09
1.53
0.27
0.21
0.5
0.28
0.61
0.02
7.04
15.4
0.72
0.23
10.44
9
18.12
0.91
1.35
4.84
10.89
0.58
3.62
BioGeoBEARS in R
*9 operational areas
*Best model: BAYES+J
ddRAD-Seq
Ingroup: 23 spp.
Outgroup: 8 spp.
Morphological traits Mesquite v3.61
* Preliminary analyses :
5 selected traits
* Parsimony and Likelihood
 Genetic data
 Phenotype data

4.  Cerrado - the ancestral geographic area of Cereus (Fig.1A);
 C. fernambucensis spp populations in AF showed events of
dispersion and vicariance ca 1 Ma (allopatric speciation; Fig.1B);
 Colonization of the Fernando de Noronha (NF) Island from
NRF1 population (peripatric speciation)
 Synapomorphic traits  first incursion from Cerrado to Caatinga
(tuberous root, minute bracts of flowers, wood color, and areoles)
RESULTS
Fig. 1 - Historical biogeographic reconstruction analysis of Cereus. (A) Ancestral state estimates to Cereus genus and (B) to C. fernambucensis spp.
3.67 Ma
HPD: 5.65-3.22
#
*
A
B

5. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSIONS
 Our findings indicated the Pliocene as the beginning of diversification in Cereus with most events occurring into the
Late Pleistocene (1.8 to 0.2 Ma), a period of oscillatory glaciation.
 The Cerrado was identified as the ancestral geographic range of Cereus, which was also observed in other plant and
mammal species (Alfaro et al., 2015; Pavan et al., 2016; Rull and Carnaval, 2020)
 We inferred possible gene flow between the population of the FN island (C. insularis) and the population of the
Brazilian coast (C. fernambucensis) from 400 to 200 ka. After that, the increase of sea-level interrupted the gene
flow between both populations, which probably initiates a peripatric speciation process.
 Preliminary results, identified synapomorphic traits associated with the incursion from Cerrado to Caatinga (tuberous
root, minute bracts of flowers, wood color, and areoles); these traits are related to the performance of the
transpiration (water loss) and irradiation.
Finacial support PNPD/CAPES-001