Cellular uptake of biologically active molecules is an important subject in scientific research. While application of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs, also known as Protein Transduction Domains) for delivering biologically active molecules across cellular membranes into cells was an important breakthrough in cell biology, and the research in this field has gained much attention in recent years. Most CPPs are relatively short peptides that consist of less than 40 amino acids and are able to enter cells through various ways, including endocytosis and energy-independent pathway. Because of strong cell penetrating capability, CPPs are further able to assist in the intracellular delivery of covalently or non-covalently conjugated bioactive cargos, ranging from small chemical drugs and nanoparticles to large plasmid DNA.

2. Drugs
Cellular membranes

3. Cell penetrating peptides

4. What are cell penetrating peptides?
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs, also known as Protein Transduction
Domains) are used to delivery biologically active molecules across
cellular membranes into cells. This method was an important
breakthrough in cell biology, and the research in this field has gained
much attention in recent years.

5. 1987
1988
1994
1997
2000
The history of CPPs
Substance P
HIV-TAT
Penetratin
MPG
Transportan
Arg8

6. 1987
1988
1994
2000
Substance P is a modulator of pain
transmission. As an extremely
potent vasodilator, it produces
significant bronchodilation in
normal and asthmatic subjects and
a maximal increase in forearm
blood flow.

7. 1987
1988
1994
2000
Penetratin, the first 16 amino acids of which are
derived from the third helix of the Antennapedia
protein homeodomain, is known as a protein
transduction domain (PTD). Penetratin linked to a
phosphodiester oligonucleotide is capable of
permeating through neuronal cell membranes and
down-regulating genes. It contains a nuclear
localization sequence and facilitates internalization
of cargo into living cells.

8. 1987
1988
1994
2000
Transportan (TP) is a 27 amino acids (aa) long
chimeric peptide containing 12 aa from the amino-
terminal part of the neuropeptide galanin and the
14 aa long mastoparan (Vespula lewisii wasp
venom), connected via a lysine residue. TP reveals
some characteristic features of both galanin and
mastoparan since it inhibits the binding of galanin
to GALR-1 receptor as well as modulates the
activity of G proteins due to the inhibition of
GTPase activity.

9. 01
02
03
04
05
Types
Antennapedia Peptides
Chimeric Peptides
HIV-TAT Family
Nuclear Localization peptides
Oligoarginine peptides

10. Address: 45-16 Ramsey Road, Shirley,
NY 11967, USA
Email: info@creative-peptides.com