Phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic rules govern language. Phonological rules combine sounds into words, while morphological rules organize words through morphemes. Syntax refers to word order rules in sentences. Semantics dictates word meanings, and pragmatics involves language use for different purposes. Learning a second language requires understanding these rules of the new language.

1. WHAT ARE THE RULES
OF LANGUAGE

2. PRESENTATION DONE
BY:
•SAMEENAH PARKER:217259324
•TAIMIYAH JEAN:218044593
•HASEENAH AHMED:218101996
•HOPE-ESTHER
JOCHEMS:218006276

3. PHONOLOGICAL RULE
•Phonological rules are for combining the
individual sounds of the language into words.
•The sounds of a language are known as
phonemes, which may be consonants or
vowels.
•In English, phonological rules do not allow the
sound combination d+n at the beginning of a
word.

4. • Phonological awareness is an important skill that enables
children to learn the phonological rules of a language.
• This auditory skill may be difficult for children learning a
second language if there are sounds in the second language
that do not occur in their first language.
• They will need to be taught to hear and say such sounds,
before learning to read the second language.

5. MORPHOLOGICAL RULE
• Morphological rules are used to organize words.
• A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning in a language.
• “Cat” is a morpheme because c, a and t are meaningless on
their own. We can add “s” onto the end of “cat” to change the
meaning to more than one cat.
• We can also add the morpheme “ed” onto the end of “kick” to
change the meaning from present into past tense.

6. • Morphological rules are important in helping children work out
the meaning of new words.
• Example: if they want to know the word “happy” – they may be
able to understand words like “unhappy” or “happily”
• Second language learners can be taught how to do this by
developing their morphological knowledge of the language.

7. SYNTAX
• Syntax refers to the rules that specify word order. This means
how sentences are organized, the relationship between words,
word classes and other elements of a sentence.
• Sentences are organised according to their function, i.e.
whether they are statements, commands or questions.
• The main parts of a sentence are noun and verb phrases, each
made up of various word classes.(nouns, verbs, adjectives,
adverbs)

8. • Different languages have different syntactic rules and children
learning a second language will need to learn the syntax of the
language as well as the phonology and morphology.

9. SEMANTICS
• Semantics is the component of language that dictates the
meaning of words.
• Our knowledge of words forms our mental dictionary or
lexicon, also known as vocabulary.
• Children learn a large number of words in their first few years
of life, but we continue to expand our vocabulary throughout
our life as we are always exposed to new information.

10. •Children learning a second language need to
learn a new vocabulary.
•However, if they already have a concept in their
first language they merely need to learn the
word for it in their second language.
• A second language may be acquired more
rapidly than the first language.

11. PRAGMATICS
• Pragmatics is the use of language as a communication tool to achieve
various purposes.
• Pragmatics is about communicative intentions, the rules of
conversation and the way in which different types of discourse are
constructed.
• Pragmatics is very dependent on culture. Different cultures
communicate in different ways.
• Learning a second language means that you need to learn about
different ways of communicating.

12. THE END THANK
YOU FOR
WATHCHING