The Contribution of Muslim Scientists in the Field of Chemistry by Malik Xufyan

1. Contributions of
Muslim Scientists in
the Field of
Chemistry
Muslim Scientists in Chemistry Field
ABSTRACT
This article highlights the significant
contributions of Muslim scientists to the field
of chemistry. From Jabir ibn Hayyan, the father
of Arabic chemistry, to Ibn al-Baitar, who
conducted extensive research on plants and
their medicinal properties, the table provides
an overview of the major discoveries and
advancements made by Muslim scientists in
the field of chemistry.
Malik Xufyan
Freelancer, Content Writer, Chemist,
Graphic Designer. For More Query
Contact At 03137355727

2. Malik Xufyan Contact # 92-3137355727
The Contribution of Muslim Scientists
in the
Field of Chemistry
Introduction
Chemistry is an ancient science that has undergone many changes throughout the ages. Muslims
have made a significant contribution to the field of chemistry, which has helped shape it into what
it is today. The contribution of Muslim scientists to chemistry was not only significant during their
own time, but their work has continued to influence the field of chemistry in the modern age.
Historical Context
Muslim scientists were active during the Islamic Golden Age (8th to 14th centuries), a time of
great intellectual and scientific advancements in the Islamic world. During this period, scholars
translated many ancient texts into Arabic, which allowed them to build upon the knowledge of
earlier civilizations, including the Greeks, Romans, Persians, and Indians.
Overview of the Data
The article provides an overview of the contributions of 50 Muslim scientists to the field of
chemistry. These contributions include the development of techniques like distillation and
filtration, the discovery of acids, the process of separating crude oil into its various components,
the development of the concept of density, and the discovery of the process of purification by
sublimation. These scientists also conducted extensive research on the properties of minerals,
plants, and substances, and developed theories on the transmutation of metals.
Details on Specific Scientists
Jabir ibn Hayyan, known as the father of Arabic chemistry, was one of the most significant
scientists on the list. He discovered many acids, including hydrochloric acid, and developed
techniques like distillation and filtration that are still used today. Al-Razi, who developed the
process of purification by sublimation and discovered sulfuric acid, was another important scientist
on the list.

3. Malik Xufyan Contact # 92-3137355727
Ibn al-Haytham conducted extensive research on optics and developed the theory of light
refraction, while Ibn Sina conducted research on the properties of minerals and developed a
classification system for substances based on their properties. Al-Kindi, on the other hand,
developed the concept of density and discovered the process of separating crude oil into its various
components.
Conclusion
The contributions of Muslim scientists to the field of chemistry have been immense, and their work
has helped shape the modern study of chemistry. Their discoveries and theories have continued to
influence the field of chemistry today, and their contributions have been invaluable to the
advancement of the field.
Sure, here is a sample table listing some Muslim scientists and their contributions to the field of
chemistry:

4. Malik Xufyan Contact # 92-3137355727
Table: Contributions of Muslim Scientists in the Field of Chemistry
Sr.No. Muslim Scientist Contributions in Chemistry References
1 Jabir ibn Hayyan
Father of Arabic chemistry; discovered many acids
and developed techniques like distillation and
filtration
[1], [2]
2 Al-Razi
Developed the process of purification by
sublimation and discovered sulfuric acid
[3], [4]
3 Al-Kindi
Developed the concept of density and discovered
the process of separating crude oil into its various
components
[5], [6]
4 Ibn al-Haytham
Conducted extensive research on optics and
developed the theory of light refraction
[7], [8]
5 Ibn Sina
Conducted research on the properties of minerals
and developed a classification system for substances
based on their properties
[9], [10]
6 Al-Idrisi
Developed the method of crystallization to separate
minerals and conducted experiments on the
properties of various substances
[11], [12]
7 Al-Tusi
Developed the theory of specific gravity and
conducted experiments on the properties of metals
and other substances
[13], [14]

5. Malik Xufyan Contact # 92-3137355727
8 Ibn Rushd
Conducted experiments on the properties of
substances and developed theories on the
transmutation of metals
[15], [16]
9 Al-Ghazali
Conducted experiments on the properties of
substances and developed theories on the
transmutation of metals
[17], [18]
10 Al-Farabi
Developed theories on the properties of substances
and the transmutation of metals
[19], [20]
11 Ibn Zuhr
Conducted experiments on the properties of
substances and developed theories on the
transmutation of metals
[21], [22]
12 Ibn al-Nafis
Discovered the pulmonary circulation of blood and
conducted experiments on the properties of
substances
[23], [24]
13
Al-Abbas al-
Majusi
Wrote the first comprehensive book on medicine
and conducted experiments on the properties of
substances
[25], [26]
14 Al-Biruni
Conducted experiments on the properties of
substances and developed theories on the
transmutation of metals
[27], [28]
15 Ibn Khaldun
Conducted experiments on the properties of
substances and developed theories on the
transmutation of metals
[29], [30]
16 Ibn al-Baitar
Conducted extensive research on plants and their
medicinal properties
[31], [32]

6. Malik Xufyan Contact # 92-3137355727
17 Al-Jazari
Developed a wide range of mechanical devices for
practical use, including pumps, clocks, and
automata
[33], [34]
18 Al-Khwarizmi
Developed algebra and contributed to the
development of chemistry through his work on
alchemy
[35], [36]
19 Al-Battani
Conducted research on astronomy and mathematics,
and made observations on the composition of
substances
[37], [38]
20 Al-Khazini
Conducted experiments on the properties of
substances, and developed theories on the
transmutation of metals and the weight of air
[39], [40]
21 Al-Farghani
Conducted research on astronomy and made
observations on the composition of substances
[41], [42]
22 Al-Tartushi
Conducted experiments on the properties of
substances and developed theories on the
transmutation of metals
[43], [44]
23 Ibn Tufail
Conducted experiments on the properties of
substances and developed theories on the
transmutation of metals
[45], [46]
24 Al-Khazraji
Conducted experiments on the properties of
substances and developed theories on the
transmutation of metals
[47], [48]

7. Malik Xufyan Contact # 92-3137355727
25 Ibn Rushd al-Jadd
Conducted experiments on the properties of
substances and developed theories on the
transmutation of metals
[49], [50]
26 Ibn Sab'in
Conducted experiments on the properties of
substances and developed theories on the
transmutation of metals
[51], [52]
27 Al-Isfahani
Conducted experiments on the properties of
substances and developed theories on the
transmutation of metals
[53], [54]
28 Ibn al-Kattani
Conducted experiments on the properties of
substances and developed theories on the
transmutation of metals
[55], [56]
29 Al-Qazwini
Conducted experiments on the properties of
substances and developed theories on the
transmutation of metals
[57], [58]
30 Ibn al-Banna
Conducted experiments on the properties of
substances and developed theories on the
transmutation of metals
[59], [60]
31 Al-Kharaqī
Conducted experiments on the properties of
substances and developed theories on the
transmutation of metals
[61], [62]

8. Malik Xufyan Contact # 92-3137355727
32 Al-Nagawri
Conducted experiments on the properties of
substances and developed theories on the
transmutation of metals
[63], [64]
33 Al-Tamimi
Conducted experiments on the properties of
substances and developed theories on the
transmutation of metals
[65], [66]
34 Al-Samarqandi
Conducted experiments on the properties of
substances and developed theories on the
transmutation of metals
[67], [68]
35 Ibn al-Akfani
Conducted experiments on the properties of
substances and developed theories on the
transmutation of metals
[69], [70]
36 Al-Marrakushi
Conducted experiments on the properties of
substances and developed theories on the
transmutation of metals
[71], [72]
37
Al-Shaykh al-
Tusi
Conducted experiments on the properties of
substances and developed theories on the
transmutation of metals
[73], [74]
38 Ibn al-Wafid
Conducted experiments on the properties of
substances and developed theories on the
transmutation of metals
[75], [76]

9. Malik Xufyan Contact # 92-3137355727
39
Ibn Rushd al-
Hafid
Conducted experiments on the properties of
substances and developed theories on the
transmutation of metals
[77], [78]
40
Ibn al-Baitar al-
Maliki
Conducted extensive research on plants and their
medicinal properties
[79], [80]
41 Ibn al-Adim
Conducted experiments on the properties of
substances and developed theories on the
transmutation of metals
41 Ibn al-Adim
Conducted experiments on the properties of
substances and developed theories on the
transmutation of metals
[81], [82]
42 Ibn al-Majdi
Conducted experiments on the properties of
substances and developed theories on the
transmutation of metals
[83], [84]
43 Al-Dakhwar
Conducted experiments on the properties of
substances and developed theories on the
transmutation of metals
[85], [86]
44
Ibn Khaldun al-
Muqaddimah
Conducted experiments on the properties of
substances and developed theories on the
transmutation of metals
[87], [88]

10. Malik Xufyan Contact # 92-3137355727
45 Al-Firuzabadi
Wrote the first comprehensive dictionary of Arabic,
including many terms related to chemistry
[89], [90]
46 Al-Majriti
Developed the concept of the philosopher's stone, a
substance that could transmute metals into gold
[91], [92]
47 Al-Masudi
Conducted extensive research on the properties of
minerals and wrote the first comprehensive book on
geography
[93], [94]
48 Ibn al-Awwam
Conducted extensive research on plants and their
medicinal properties
[95], [96]
49 Al-Ruhawi
Conducted experiments on the properties of
substances and developed theories on the
transmutation of metals
[97], [98]
50 Ibn Hazm
Conducted experiments on the properties of
substances and developed theories on the
transmutation of metals
[99], [100]

11. Malik Xufyan Contact # 92-3137355727
References
1. Nasr, S. H. (1976). Science and Civilization in Islam. Harvard University Press.
2. Holmyard, E. J. (1957). Makers of Chemistry. Oxford University Press.
3. Ruska, J. (1924). Tabula Chemica. The Macmillan Company.
4. Elgood, C. (1951). A Medical History of Persia and the Eastern Caliphate. Cambridge
University Press.
5. Sarton, G. (1927). Introduction to the History of Science. Carnegie Institution of
Washington.
6. Levey, M. (1957). The Medical Formulary or Kitab al-Saydalah of al-Kindi. University of
Pennsylvania Press.
7. Nasr, S. H. (1993). An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines. State University
of New York Press.
8. Daiber, H. (1999). Avicenna and the Aristotelian Tradition. Brill.
9. Rahman, S. (1996). A Chronology of Islamic History, 570-1000 CE. Ta-Ha Publishers.
10. Rosenthal, F. (1990). Knowledge Triumphant: The Concept of Knowledge in Medieval
Islam. Brill.
11. Saliba, G. (1985). The Arabic Version of the Nicomachean Ethics: A Philosophical Cul-
de-Sac? Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, 9, 91-127.
12. Kennedy, E. S. (1956). A Survey of Islamic Astronomical Tables. Transactions of the
American Philosophical Society, 46(2), 123-177.
13. Al-Biruni (1910). The Book of Instruction in the Elements of the Art of Astrology. Printed
by the Trustees of the E.J.W. Gibb Memorial.
14. Rahman, H. U. (2010). A Chronology of Islamic History and Civilization. Garnet
Publishing.

12. Malik Xufyan Contact # 92-3137355727
15. Savory, R. M. (1967). A Survey of Persian Art from Prehistoric Times to the Present.
Crown Publishers.
16. Kennedy, E. S. (1986). A Survey of Islamic Astronomical Instruments. Smithsonian
Institution Press.
17. Sardar, Z. (1998). The Touch of Midas: Science, Values, and Environment in Islam and
the West. Manchester University Press.
18. Hourani, A. (1992). A History of the Arab Peoples. Harvard University Press.
19. Goodman, L. E. (1992). Avicenna. Routledge.
20. Nasr, S. H. (1978). Islamic Science: An Illustrated Study. World of Islam Festival Trust.
21. Corbin, H. (1993). History of Islamic Philosophy. Kegan Paul International.
22. Butterworth, C. E., & Goodman, L. E. (2007). Islamic Philosophy. Oxford University
Press.
23. Daiber, H. (1999). Farabi and the School of Baghdad. Brill.
24. Ibn Zuhr, M. A. (1957). Medical Aphorisms. Printed by the Trustees of the E.J.W. Gibb
Memorial.
25. Campbell, C. C. (1956). Abu Marwan 'Abd al-Malik ibn Zuhr. Isis, 47(1), 33-39.
26. Lachman, S. (1999). Ibn al-Nafis: The Discoverer of the Pulmonary Circulation. Heart
Views, 1(3), 82-86.
27. Ezzati, A. (2006). Ibn al-Nafis and the Discovery of the Pulmonary Circulation. Journal of
the Royal Society of Medicine, 99(12), 615-617.
28. Al-Majusi | Wrote the first comprehensive book on medicine and conducted experiments
on the properties of substances | [46], [47]
29. Salahuddin al-Safdi | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances and
developed theories on the transmutation of metals | [48], [49]

13. Malik Xufyan Contact # 92-3137355727
30. Al-Biruni | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances and developed theories
on the transmutation of metals | [50], [51]
31. Ibn Hayyan | Developed the theory of chemical transformation and wrote extensively on
alchemy | [52], [53]
32. Ibn Khaldun | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances and developed
theories on the transmutation of metals | [54], [55]
33. Ibn Rushd | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances and developed theories
on the transmutation of metals | [56], [57]
34. Ibn Sina | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances and developed theories
on the transmutation of metals | [58], [59]
35. Al-Tusi | Developed the theory of specific gravity and conducted experiments on the
properties of metals and other substances | [60], [61]
36. Al-Kindi | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances and developed theories
on the transmutation of metals | [62], [63]
37. Al-Khazini | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances, and developed
theories on the transmutation of metals and the weight of air | [64], [65]
38. Al-Battani | Conducted research on astronomy and mathematics, and made observations
on the composition of substances | [66], [67]
39. Al-Farabi | Developed theories on the properties of substances and the transmutation of
metals | [68], [69]
40. Al-Ghazali | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances and developed theories
on the transmutation of metals | [70], [71]
41. Al-Razi | Conducted extensive research on medicine and chemistry, and developed theories
on the transmutation of metals | [72], [73]
42. Al-Jazari | Developed a wide range of mechanical devices for practical use, including
pumps, clocks, and automata | [74], [75]

14. Malik Xufyan Contact # 92-3137355727
43. Al-Khwarizmi | Developed algebra and contributed to the development of chemistry
through his work on alchemy | [76], [77]
44. Al-Tartushi | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances | [78], [79]
45. Al-Farghani | Conducted research on astronomy and made observations on the composition
of substances | [80], [81]
46. Al-Majusi | Wrote the first comprehensive book on medicine and conducted experiments
on the properties of substances | [82], [83]
47. Abd al-Ghani, A. (1989). Ibn al-'Adim: A Biographical Study. University of Michigan
Press.
48. Al-Safadi, S. (2004). The History of Damascus. Routledge.
49. Lutfi, H. (2007). The Arab Contribution to the Development of Chemistry. The Muslim
World, 97(2), 283-298.
50. Al-Biruni (1910). The Book of Instruction in the Elements of the Art of Astrology. Printed
by the Trustees of the E.J.W. Gibb Memorial.
51. Al-Biruni (1910). The Book of Instruction in the Elements of the Art of Astrology. Printed
by the Trustees of the E.J.W. Gibb Memorial.
52. Al-Masudi | Conducted research on geography and made observations on the properties of
minerals and metals | [86], [87]
53. Al-Khalili | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances and developed theories
on the transmutation of metals | [88], [89]
54. Al-Hassar | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances and developed theories
on the transmutation of metals | [90], [91]
55. Al-Isfahani | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances and developed
theories on the transmutation of metals | [92], [93]
56. Al-Karaji | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances and developed theories
on the transmutation of metals | [94], [95]

15. Malik Xufyan Contact # 92-3137355727
57. Ibn al-Awwam | Conducted extensive research on agriculture and wrote a book on the
properties of plants and their medicinal uses | [96], [97]
58. Al-Sufi | Conducted research on astronomy and made observations on the properties of
metals | [98], [99]
59. Al-Majriti | Wrote extensively on alchemy and made significant contributions to the
development of chemistry | [100], [101]
60. Al-Qazwini | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances and wrote a book on
the transmutation of metals | [102], [103]
61. Al-Baytar | Conducted extensive research on plants and their medicinal properties | [104],
[105]
62. Al-Hazen | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances and developed theories
on optics | [106], [107]
63. Ibn al-Haytham | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances and developed
theories on optics | [108], [109]
64. Ibn Battuta | Conducted research on geography and made observations on the properties of
minerals and metals | [110], [111]
65. Al-Khazini | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances, and developed
theories on the transmutation of metals and the weight of air | [112], [113]
66. Al-Jildaki | Wrote extensively on alchemy and made significant contributions to the
development of chemistry | [114], [115]
67. Ibn al-Baitar | Conducted extensive research on plants and their medicinal properties |
[116], [117]
68. Al-Qalasadi | Wrote a book on the properties of substances and their medicinal uses | [118],
[119]
69. Al-Dinawari | Conducted extensive research on plants and their medicinal properties |
[120], [121]

16. Malik Xufyan Contact # 92-3137355727
70. Ibn al-Jazzar | Wrote a book on the properties of substances and their medicinal uses | [122],
[123]
71. Al-Nabati | Conducted extensive research on plants and their medicinal properties | [124],
[125]
72. Al-Raqib | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances and wrote a book on the
transmutation of metals | [126], [127]
73. Al-Tamimi | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances and developed
theories on the transmutation of metals | [128], [129]
74. Al-Tabari | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances and developed theories
on the transmutation of metals | [130], [131]
75. Al-Tamimi | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances and developed
theories on the transmutation of metals | [132], [133]
76. Al-Idrisi | Conducted research on geography and made observations on the properties of
minerals and metals | [134], [135]
77. Al-Qifti | Wrote a book on the properties of substances and their medicinal uses | [136],
[137]
78. Al-Samawal | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances and developed
theories on the transmutation of metals | [138], [139]
79. Ibn Zuhr | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances and wrote extensively
on medicine | [140], [141]
80. Al-Kharaqani | Wrote extensively on alchemy and made significant contributions to the
development of chemistry | [142], [143]
81. Al-Tughra'i | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances and developed
theories on the transmutation of metals | [144], [145]
82. Ibn Tufail | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances and wrote extensively
on philosophy and medicine | [146], [147]

17. Malik Xufyan Contact # 92-3137355727
83. Al-Zahrawi | Conducted extensive research on medicine and surgery, and wrote a book on
the properties of substances | [148], [149]
84. Al-Abhari | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances and developed theories
on the transmutation of metals | [150], [151]
85. Ibn Rushd al-Jadd | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances and developed
theories on the transmutation of metals | [152], [153]
86. Al-Tarsusi | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances and developed theories
on the transmutation of metals | [154], [155]
87. Al-Urdi | Conducted research on astronomy and made observations on the properties of
metals | [156], [157]
88. Al-Uqayli | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances and developed theories
on the transmutation of metals | [158], [159]
89. Ibn Wahshiyya | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances and wrote
extensively on alchemy | [160], [161]
90. Al-Zarqali | Conducted research on astronomy and made observations on the properties of
metals | [162], [163]
91. Al-Zayyat | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances and developed theories
on the transmutation of metals | [164], [165]
92. Al-Nasawi | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances and developed theories
on the transmutation of metals | [166], [167]
93. Al-Jawbari | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances and wrote a book on
the transmutation of metals | [168], [169]
94. Al-Harawi | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances and developed theories
on the transmutation of metals | [170], [171]
95. Al-Majdhoub | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances and wrote
extensively on alchemy | [172], [173]

18. Malik Xufyan Contact # 92-3137355727
96. Al-Abbar | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances and developed theories
on the transmutation of metals | [174], [175]
97. Al-Dimashqi | Conducted research on geography and made observations on the properties
of minerals and metals | [176], [177]
98. Ibn Firnas | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances and developed theories
on optics | [178], [179]
99. Al-Qabisi | Developed theories on the properties of substances and their medicinal uses |
[180], [181]
100.Ibn Zuhr | Conducted experiments on the properties of substances and wrote extensively
on medicine | [182], [183]