3. • Kyoto city is located in the southern part of Kyoto Prefecture.
• Having an area of 827.90km2,
• it extends 29.18km from the east to the west and 49.49km from the north to the south.
• Its population is approximately 1.47 million which makes it one of the biggest cities in Kansai area next to
Osaka and Kobe.
• Kyoto is about 40km far from Osaka, 100km from Nagoya and 370km from Tokyo
Topology
o Surrounding on three sides by
mountains , urban areas of city formed
by Kyoto and Yanahina basin.
o Mountains
• Kitayama
• Higashiyam
• Nishiyama
o Primary rivers run through the city
• Katsura
• Uji
• Kamo river
400 m to 600m in
height
Merge in southern
part of the city to
form Yado River ,
flows to Osaka Bay
8. Map of early medieval Kyoto
• showing urban development north and east
of the classical grid and the approximate
boundaries of Kamigyō and Shimogyō.
• Areas shaded by double cruciform
correspond to “markets” (machi).
• By about the tenth century, the entire
western half of the original grid (Ukyō) had
disappeared.
Map of temples, temple-towns,
and exurban districts outside
Kyoto
9. 1. Heian-kyō grid (brown);
2. neighborhood federations (chō-gumi) during Age of
Warring States (yellow);
3. Nijō Castle of Ashikaga Yoshiaki (blue);
4. Jurakudai Palace (green);
5. Nijō Castle of the Tokugawa era (blue and white);
6. Imperial Palace (post 1336) and
7. Kyoto Noble Village of Tokugawa era (purple);
8. Odoi city wall (brown line).
10. • Emperor Kanmu relocated the capital to Heian-kyo in 794, the land of Kyoto was called ‘Miyako’ or the
capital.
• Heian-kyo extended approx.4.5km from the east to the west and approx.5.2km from the north to the
south.
• It consisted of two symmetrical towns, Sakyo and Ukyo.
Heian-kyō bird’s-eye representation from the south.
11. • The 85m wide Suzaku Avenue ran down the center , starting from Mt. Funaoka in the north and dividing the
city into eastern and western halves.
• Other features such as the palace , gates , and major markets and temples such as Toji and Saiji were also
situated in a planning way
• The city center was organized on a grid.
• The basic block unit (cho) measured some 120 m x 120 m = 14400 sq. m , 4 cho made 1 ho and 4 ho made 1
bo , which was bounded by the great avenues
• A cho compromised 4 east - west streets,8 gates on the north and south sides and 32 households
• A basic house of the time measured 15m across and 30 m deep.
12. Heian-kyō grid plan, depicted after a two-block expansion to the north created the “northern zone” (kitanohe)
in the ninth century.
13. Heian-kyō block division and organization
• As people began to adjust to the new life style, which is living in a city, they gradually changed the
original concept of the “designed city”.
• Being mostly boggy and prone to flooding the conditions in Ukyo town gradually deteriorated, while
Sakyo town became the centre of the city functions of Heian-kyo and its area was heavily utilized.
• People converted some parts of streets for housing and agricultural purposes. These parts were called
“Kosho”.
• They also constructed new streets called ‘Zushi’ which extended into square blocks in the city.
• This created more housing space and contributed to the increase of convenience for the people.
14. Excavations
• The shaded areas in this indicate
where artifacts indicative of
urbanization during several periods
have been unearthed.
• This kind of evidence makes it possible
to conclude that the Heian grid was
likely never completed as planned.
• Excavations carried out at dozens of
sites within the city’s original
boundaries have failed to uncover any
trace of the grid-road system or blocks
dating to the Heian period.
Plan of excavations in Heian-kyoto city that have found Early Heian material
• Carefully looking at the plan, we can see that it is more difficult to find remains in Sakyo (the eastern
sector).
• Empty areas in the north-east and south-east corner in Sakyo, and parts of the west end of Ukyo, imply
that those were undeveloped zones.
Plan of excavations in Heian-kyo that have found Middle Heian material
• Empty areas during the Early Heian period were still empty in the Middle Heian period. We can also see that
there has been a steady development of Sakyoand stagnation or relative decline in Ukyo.
• Comparing first figure with second figure, we can see thatSakyo sector has 55 ho-units in total (19 ho thick
and 36 ho pale) in the early period, and 68 ho-units (34 thick and 34 pale) in the middle period.
• Ukyo sector has 45 ho-units (24 ho thick and 21 pale) in the early period, but only 44 units (30 thick and 11
pale) in the middle period.
15. Plan of excavations in Heian-kyo city that have
found Early Heian material
Plan of excavations in Heian-kyo city that have
found Middle Heian material
The numbers on a 1 cho grid indicate the number of excavated locations in which features or artefacts of the
Heian period were identified.
Different tones on 1 ho units show different densities of archaeological finds.
16. • The first cho as a walled infill-block
took place around 1200
• with the Shoguns ruling Japan some
inhabitants of a cho in Kyoto could
punch holes into the walls surrounding
their wards and offer their produce for
sale to passers-by without being
punished
• After the collapse of the wall the
cho slowly got divided diagonally
into four triangular parts the
houses of which now faced the
street directly.
• The center of the cho was held in
common ownership .
• This is the stage when the cho
shows four different faces to the
outside.
In the next metamorphosis in the
early Middle Ages the originally
square cho splits up into four
triangular cho with their own names
The two cho facing each other over the
street formed a completely new cho, - in
name and shape -, taking the street -
which was really not a thoroughfare
anyway but a public open place to meet
and communicate – into its center
Evolution From Machi To Chao
17. Cycling
• Cycling is a very important form of personal transportation in the city.
• The geography and scale of the city are such that the city may be easily navigated on a bicycle.
• Bicycle theft is not common, but finding permitted bicycle parking areas can be difficult.
• Bicycles parked in non-permitted areas are impounded
18.
19. five special bridges on the Kamogawa River. :
• Marutamachi-bashi Bridge,
• Nijo Ohashi Bridge,
• Sanjo Ohashi Bridge,
• Shijo Ohashi Bridge
• Nanajo Ohashi Bridge,
Waterways
• There are a number of rivers, canals and
other navigable waterways in Kyoto.
• The Seta and Uji rivers (Yodo River),
Kamogawa and Katsura river flow through
Kyoto.
• Lake Biwa Canal was a significant
infrastructural development.
• In present days, however, the waterways are
not used for passenger or goods
transportation except for limited sightseeing
purpose such as Hozugawa Kudari boat on the
Hozu River and Jukkoku bune sightseeing tour
boat in Fushimi-ku area
20. Roads
The city is connected with other parts of Japan by the Meishin Expressway, which has two interchanges in
the city:
1. Kyoto Higashi (Kyoto East) in Yamashina-ku and
2. Kyoto Minami (Kyoto South) in Fushimi-ku.
• The Kyoto-Jukan Expressway connects the city to northern regions of Kyoto Prefecture.
• Although Kyoto has fewer toll-highways than other comparable Japanese cities, it is served with dual
and even triple-carriageway national roads.
• As of 2010, only 8.2 kilometers (5.1 miles) of the Hanshin Expressway Kyoto Route is in operation.
• There are nine national highways in the city of Kyoto: Route 1, Route 8, Route 9, Route 24, Route 162,
Route 171, Route 367, Route 477 and Route 478.
22. Year of Establishment: 1411 A.D.
By : Sultan Ahmad Shah
Commencement of the municipal works by ‘Town wall
fund committee’: 1834.
Establishment of Municipality-1858.
Establishment of Municipal Corporation - 1950.
Area of the city: 464.16 sq. km.
Literacy Rate 73.38%, 78.34 %( Male), 67.72 %( Female)
Religion (in %) 84.6 (Hindu), 2.9 (Jain), 11.4 (Muslim), 0.7
(Christian)
Official Language-Gujarati, Hindi.
Languages spoken Gujarati, Hindi, English
Ahmedabad became capital of the newly formed
Gujarat State in the year1960 but a new capital was
established at Gandhinagar in 1970 which is 32km
away from Ahmedabad.
The District is surrounded on the north by Mehsana
and Gandhinagar district, on the South by Gulf of
Cambay and Bhavnagar district, on the East by Kheda
district and on the West by Surendranagar district.
23. Ahmedabad being one of the most important cities of India is well connected by air, rail and road.
By Road
Ahmedabad has a good network of roads also. National highways connect cities like Vadodara,
Rajkot, Jamnagar and Mumbai. The Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation (GSRTC) runs
express and luxury deluxe buses to the neighboring towns and cities. One can reach the city by
taxi from nearby cities.
By Air
The Ahmedabad Airport is just 10 km from downtown Ashram Road area. It functions for both
domestic and international purpose.
Domestic flights on Air India, Indian Airlines, Jet Airways and Gujarat Airways are available for
Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Pune, Jaipur and several other destinations inside
the country.
By Rail
Ahmedabad has a well maintained railway network connected to important destinations of the
country. Ahmedabad railway station is the largest railway station in the state of Gujarat. Various
express and super fast trains are available between Ahmedabad and important cities of the
country.
CONNECTI
VIY
24. *
In 1456 AD, an enclosing wall was constructed defining a periphery to the city-limits.
In 1487, Mahmud Begada, the grandson of Ahmed Shah, fortified the city with an outer wall
10 km (6.2 mi) in circumference and consisting of twelve gates, 189 bastions and over 6,000
battlements.
With the coming of the railway around 1860, development began to spill over (beyond the
city-limits) towards the northeast and southeast of the walled city.
This also resulted in the industrial and residential development across the western side of
Sabarmati River.
This also resulted in the industrial and residential development across the western side of
Sabarmati River.
But by and large the industrial development has remained concentrated on the
eastern side and the walled city has continued to grow in density due to
incorporation of fringe areas into the city limits.
The city municipality was given the status of Municipal Corporation in 1950 when
the city started growing rapidly eastwards and southwards.
In the later part of the century, the western part has developed rapidly. The city is
governed by Ahmadabad Municipal Corporation (AMC), established in July 1950.
25. 1411 to 1900
Source: Desai
Sowmya
(2005), Urban
Spatial
Structures &
Land
management
Mechanisms,
UnpublMished
M.
Tech.
Planning
Dissertation,
CEPT
University,
Ahmedabad.
1901 to 1930 1931 to 1950
1951 to 1960 1972 to 1996
PHASES OF THE GROWTH OF AHMEDABAD
27. *
In the urban landscape of India, one of the most visually appealing spaces is the walled city of
Ahmedabad, known for its intricately carved wooden architecture and the neighborhood
settlements of pols.
Pols are enclosed residential clusters entered by gates, which used to be shut at nights.
The essence of a pol is a network of small streets, side lanes, shrines and open community
spaces with a chabutaro, a birdhouse raised on a pole to feed birds in the neighborhood.
The word pol is derived from the Sanskrit word pratoli meaning entrance to an enclosed area.
Pols were originally made as a protection measure when communal riots necessitated greater
security.
28. *
The pol settlement pattern has a rural origin prevalent in
the villages of North Gujarat. It is also called khadki type of
settlement.
Each house is joined to the next by a common party wall
and many such houses form a row opposite it and two
rows thus enclose a space in front, which resembles a
‘street’ but which is, in fact, a common yard.
In order to ensure privacy and security, the ends of the
common yard are closed off by a wall on one side and a
gateway on the other.
The rear walls of all the houses which are exceptionally
thick and have no windows, form a continuous line.
29. CHARACTERISTICS OF A
POL HOUSE
Pol houses have a minimal frontage on the
neighborhood street, which is itself quite
narrow.
Side walls of the house are shared with the
house next door.
The street façade is heavily treated with
wooden structural and decorative elements,
including carved columns, brackets, window
shutters and balconies.
The OATLA – Entrance platform – generally a
plinth with a row of columns which marks
the limits of the house on the street. used
for sitting outside; sometimes even for
washing dishes and clothes; In Hindu houses
religious activities takes place in oatla.
Plan of a Pol house
chowk
Khadkee
oatla
Section of a Pol house
30. SOURCE : CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN AHMEDABAD 2006-2012
EXISTING LAND USE PLAN
31.
32. *
As per existing land use (1997), more than one third (36%) of the total area is under residential use,
followed by 15 percent of the area under the industries. Large tracts of land (23.44%) are lying
vacant, mostly in the newly acquired area of the AMC. Only 9.5 percent of the total area is under
transportation network as against the norm of 15-18 per cent. as specified by UDPFI norms.
SOURCE : CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN AHMEDABAD 2006-2012
35. *
Infrastructure - Circular and concentrated
around walled city/CBD by five ring and
seventeen radial roads.
Movement- West To East in the Morning and
East to West in the Evenings.
Major transport terminals (Railway stations,
Airport) are situated on radial roads.
36. The city transportation system is
predominantly dependent on roadway
systems
The greater Ahmedabad area roadway
system is approximately 3478 Km.
ROADS
Distribution of Roads by Width (No. of lanes)
38. *
Derived From: Interim Report on
‘Traffic Management Plan for
Ahmedabad’, School of Planning,
CEPT University: 2001,
Traffic Volume (PCUs)
(9.30-10.30 a.m.
and 5.30-6.30 p.m.)
40. AHMEDABAD BRTS
• Dedicated central lanes
the interference from the
traffic was minimised
• Location of Bus stops
about 400 metres beyond
crossroads
so queues of buses do not
create jams
• increased bus
frequencies
reduced the waiting
period to 2 minutes during
peak hours and 8-10
minutes during off-peak
hours.
41.
42. *
Zone Total Area in
Sq.km
Development
Zone
Micro Planning in
related zone in %
R-1 Zone 212 192.23
90.67%
R-2 Zone 41.04 34.88
84.99%
R-3 Zone 44.48 42.76 96.13%
Commercial Zone 12.31 10.42 84.65%
Industrial Zone 50.85 41.75 82.10%
Education & Public
Utility Zone
5.68 4.70 82.75%
Total
(Urban complex area
inclusive of AMC area)
366.36 326.74 89.19%
43. *
In Ahmedabad organized piped water
supply starts in year of 1891 by
Dudheshwar water tank constructed on
eastern riverbank of Sabarmati River.
Due to non-availability of Regular water
after late 50’ in the Sabarmati
River the city started depending on the
ground water sources.
44. * There are three water supply zones within AMC: Central, Eastern and Western. Water
is supplied from Dudheshwar Water Works to the Central Transmission Mains while
the Kotarpur Water Works supplies to the distribution stations in the three zones.
45. In Ahmedabad, an organized sewerage
system started 1890 when an
underground sewer line and temporary
pumping station were constructed in
Khadia ward outside Astodia Gate.
Presently, around 75 percent of the
municipal area is covered by 1384 km
long sewerage network. There are 43
Sewage Pumping Stations, of which 8 are
main Sewage pumping stations.
46. *
At present, Ahmedabad generates about 500 MLD of sewage of which about
168 MLD is discharged into River Sabarmati without treatment through storm
water outlets.
There are two sewage treatment plants
Pirana 180 MLD
Vasana 180 MLD
recently two sewage treatment plants (UASB) of capacity 106 MLD and 126
MLD at Pirana (old) and Vasana (old) respectively were commissioned as a
part of Sabarmati river action plan.
TREATMENT FACILITIES
47. *
Storm water drains in the city cover
only 23% of the roads in the city.
There are three types of drains laid in
the city-
RCC pipes,
Box type drains
Arch drains.
These storm water drains discharge
storm water into River Sabarmati at 42
locations, of which currently only 27
locations are functional.
48. *
Solid Waste collection and
disposal in Ahmedabad is being
carried out by Ahmedabad
Municipal Corporation as an
obligatory function. The total
waste generated in the city is of
the order of 2100 tones per day
Waste collected from the city is
disposed at 84 ha, Pirana land fill
site approximately 22 km away
from the farthest end on Western
side and 18 km away from the
farthest point on eastern side,
near Narol-Sarkhej Octroi
Checkpost.
