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1. • Jane Jacobs (1916-2006) was an urban writer and activist
who championed new, community-based approaches to
planning for over 40 years.
• Her 1961 treatise, The Death and Life of Great American Cities,
became one of the most influential American texts about the
inner workings and failings of cities.
• Jacobs had no professional training in the field of city planning,
nor did she hold the title of planner.
• Instead, she relied on her observations and common sense to
show why certain places work, and what can be done to
improve those that do not.
• Jacobs led the way in advocating for a place-based, community-centered approach to urban planning,
decades before such approaches were considered sensible
• In 1952 Jacobs became associate editor of Architectural Forum, allowing her to more closely observe the
mechanisms of city planning and urban renewal. In the process, she became increasingly critical of
conventional planning theory and practice, observing that many of the city rebuilding projects she wrote
about were not safe, interesting, alive, or economically sound.
• During her first several years in the city she held a variety of jobs, working mainly as a stenographer and
freelance writer, often writing about working districts in the city.
BIOGRAPHY

2. • After publishing The Death and Life of Great American Cities, her interests and writings broadened,
encompassing more discussion of economics, morals, and social relations.
• The book also introduced sociological concepts such as "eyes on the street" and "social capital".
• Jacobs was well known for organizing grassroots efforts to protect existing neighborhoods from "slum
clearance" – and particularly for her opposition to Robert Moses in his plans to overhaul her
neighborhood, Greenwich Village.
• Jacobs evolved her vision of cities in later books :
The Economy of Cities(1969)
Cities and the Wealth of Nations (1984)
The Question of Separatism (1980)
• In 2004 Dark Age Ahead appeared, contemporary society against the dangers of unbridled progressive
thinking.
• principle: leave cities alone and let them develop by themselves .

3. Cities as Ecosystems.
• Jacobs approached cities as living beings and ecosystems.
• She suggested that over time, buildings, streets and
neighborhoods function as dynamic organisms, changing in
response to how people interact with them.
• She explained how each element of a city – sidewalks, parks,
neighborhoods, government, economy – functions together
synergistically, in the same manner as the natural ecosystem.
• This understanding helps us discern how cities work, how
they break down, and how they could be better structured.

4. Cities as Ecosystems.

5. Mixed-Use Development.
• Jacobs advocated for “mixed-use” urban development –
the integration of different building types and uses,
whether residential or commercial, old or new.
• According to this idea, cities depend on a diversity of
buildings, residences, businesses and other non-
residential uses, as well as people of different ages
using areas at different times of day, to create
community vitality.
• She saw cities as being “organic, spontaneous, and
untidy,” and views the intermingling of city uses and
users as crucial to economic and urban development.

6. Mixed-Use Development.

7. Bottom-Up Community
Planning
• Jacobs contested the traditional planning approach that
relies on the judgment of outside experts, proposing that
local expertise is better suited to guiding community
development.
• She based her writing on empirical experience and
observation, noting how the prescribed government
policies for planning and development are usually
inconsistent with the real-life functioning of city
neighborhoods.

8. Bottom-Up Community
Planning

9. The Case for Higher
Density.
• Although orthodox planning theory had blamed high density
for crime, filth, and a host of other problems, Jacobs
disproved these assumptions and demonstrated how a high
concentration of people is vital for city life, economic growth,
and prosperity.
• While acknowledging that density alone does not produce
healthy communities, she illustrated through concrete
examples how higher densities yield a critical mass of people
that is capable of supporting more vibrant communities.
• In exposing the difference between high density and
overcrowding, Jacobs dispelled many myths about high
concentrations of people.

10. Local Economies.
• By dissecting how cities and their economies emerge
and grow, Jacobs cast new light on the nature of local
economies.
• She contested the assumptions that cities are a product
of agricultural advancement; that specialized, highly
efficient economies fuel long-term growth; and that large,
stable businesses are the best sources of innovation.
• Instead, she developed a model of local economic
development based on adding new types of work to old,
promoting small businesses, and supporting the creative
impulses of urban entrepreneurs.

11. Local Economies.

13. •The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961) it becomes clear that she preferred to use a biological
metaphor.City is a living being that is born, grows, matures, decays and can revive. The elements of the city-
people, streets, parks, neighbourhoods, government, economy- organs of the human body & cannot exist
without one another.
•The street “Lifeblood of city” where urban dwellers meet each other and where trade and commercial
activities take place determines the security, social cohesion and economic development of cities even taking
out the garbage or having a talk with a passer-by is a deed of dramatic expression.
City must meet four conditions.
•Neighbourhoods should have several functions.
•City benefits from short building blocks and an intricate street structure.
•Enough variation in the residential area.
•compact city neighbourhoods-High degree of concentration of people in one place.
"Cities have the capability of providing something for everybody, only because, and only when, they are
created by everybody”
•It is not so much about keeping in touch with the neighbours, but rather that there is enough interaction on
the street, at the bus stops or in shops. This is how people get the feeling of belonging to a community.
•In an area of the city with different kinds of suppliers and buyers, entrepreneurs can share their facilities,
such as office spaces and machines, and profit from a varied supply of knowledge and expertise. Jacobs’
motto “new ideas often need old buildings”.

14. Dark Age Ahead (2004).
•Is mainly focused, five fundamental Institutions : the family, higher education, the independence of science,
the tax system and the self-governing by professional groups.
•these societal pillars are deteriorating now- the increased number of divorces, the fight for students among
educational institutions, the dependence of universities on externally financed research, the waning tax
morale and the accounting scandals.
•if this trend continues, than “societal dementia” would occur “Explore many things, but keep the good
thing”.
Cities and the Wealth of Nations (1984)
• “why some cities grow and others stagnate and decay”— theme.
• cities already existed before humankind even started with agriculture; better still, it was the cities that
made agricultural activities possible. Ultimately, Jacobs
• every form of economic development has a basis in the city.
• cities grow by treating, renewing and exporting imported goods and services, which results in income
that can be used to import new items..
• Cities are the motor behind national economic development.
"Whenever and wherever societies have flourished and prospered rather than stagnated and decayed, creative
and workable cities have been at the core of the phenomenon… Decaying cities, declining economies,
and mounting social troubles travel together. The combination is not coincidental."

15. Systems of Survival:
• theory in the form of a series of discussion between five fictional New Yorkers who discuss moral issues.
• two moral systems: the “trade syndrome” (business community) and the “guards syndrome” (the
council).
• The trade syndrome is the domain of entrepreneurs and is the model for commercial values like
competition, efficiency, entrepreneurship, innovation and keeping to agreements.
• the guards’ syndrome is relevant to people who work in the public sector; this group is mainly led by
civil virtues like obedience, discipline, hierarchy, loyalty and feelings of honour.
• both systems “syndromes” are necessary because their elements cannot do without each other and show
an inner connection.

16. Jane Jacobs often said ” Eyes on the Street” is crucial for a street to be
a safe place saying “there must be eyes upon the street, eyes
belonging to those we might call the natural proprietors of the
street.”

17. Goals for the 21st Century SMART Community
INNOVATION
SOCIAL
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC

18. The ROLE of Each Layer in i-COA
Iconic Architecture, Mountains, Rivers etc
Brand Creation
LIFE
SOLUTIONS
COLLABORATION
ECOSYSTEM
INFRASTRUCTURE PLACE
Competitive Ultra Broadband:
It attracts investment and
Digital Media Companies
Social and Economic Values
are Created Here
Sustainable
Economic and
Social Prosperity!

19. Buildings, Parks, Rivers, Waterfronts
Open Access Ultra Broadband, Roads
Rail, Transit, Water, Energy, Waste
Innovation, Open Information, Synergy
Collaboration, Creativity, Social Networks
Live, Learn, Work, Play
i-Health, i-Education, i-Government,
i-Community, i-Business, i-Arts, i-Traffic
HUMAN RESOURCES
INVESTMENT
MARKETING
GLOBALIZATION
LIFE
SOLUTIONS
COLLABORATION
ECOSYSTEM
INFRASTRUCTURE
PLACE
The Accelerators
Leadership
INTELLIGENT COMMUNITY OPEN
ARCHITECTURE: I-COA® MODEL