BLOOD GROUPING AND BLOOD TYPING .pptx
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Blood group and blood typing refers to the classification of human blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells. There are 38 major known human blood group systems including the most common ABO and Rh antigen systems which are controlled by genes at a single locus with little recombination between them. Proper blood typing and cross-matching is important for safe blood transfusions.
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eukaryotik dna elongation.pptx
During DNA elongation, DNA polymerase adds complementary DNA nucleotides to the 3' end of a newly synthesized strand using the template strand as a guide. On the lagging strand, DNA polymerase can only synthesize DNA in the 5' to 3' direction, so Okazaki fragments are formed that later need to be joined together. In contrast, the leading strand is synthesized continuously because DNA polymerase can add nucleotides to the 3' end that is open for elongation as the replication fork moves along.
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PROKARYOTS DNA REPLICATION.pptx
This document summarizes prokaryotic DNA replication. It describes prokaryotic replication as the process by which a circular, double-stranded DNA molecule in prokaryotic cells is copied to produce two identical molecules. The key steps are initiation at a single origin of replication, elongation of DNA strands by DNA polymerases, and termination resulting in two circular chromosomes. The replication occurs rapidly in the cytoplasm and requires enzymes including DNA polymerases I and III.
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During DNA elongation, DNA polymerase adds complementary DNA nucleotides to the 3' end of a newly synthesized strand using the template strand as a guide. On the lagging strand, DNA polymerase can only synthesize DNA in the 5' to 3' direction, so Okazaki fragments are formed that later need to be joined together. In contrast, the leading strand is synthesized continuously because DNA polymerase can add nucleotides to the 3' end that is open for elongation as the replication fork moves along.
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This document summarizes three key experiments in the discovery of DNA as the genetic material:
- In 1927, Frederick Griffith discovered the "transforming principle" through experiments showing that living bacteria could be transformed from harmless to virulent.
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- In 1952, Hershey and Chase used radioactive labeling to show that DNA, not protein, entered bacteria during viral infection, confirming DNA as the hereditary material.
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DNA is the genetic material that is passed from parents to offspring and determines characteristics. This was proven through experiments like Frederick Griffith's 1928 experiment on bacterial transformation showing genetic material could be transferred, and experiments by Avery, Macleod and McCarty in 1944 and Hershey and Chase in 1952 that directly demonstrated DNA was the molecule transformed during bacterial infection that affected traits.
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DNA repair is the process by which damaged DNA is corrected. DNA cannot replace itself if damaged, and unrepaired DNA can lead to cancer. There are several mechanisms of DNA repair: direct reversal, excision repair, mismatch repair, and double-stranded break repair. DNA repair is crucial because it prevents unrepaired DNA damage from causing mutations that can lead to cancer.
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DNA is a double-stranded molecule composed of nucleotides that contain nitrogenous bases, a deoxyribose sugar, and a phosphate group. The bases on one strand form hydrogen bonds with complementary bases on the other strand to form the sides of the DNA ladder. The structure of DNA was discovered by Watson and Crick who proposed a double helix model with the bases forming rungs and the sugar-phosphate backbones forming the sides. There are different conformations of DNA including A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA which differ in their structural features such as helical sense, base pair orientation, and distance between base pairs.
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Lac Operon System(Catabolite Repression).pptx
The document describes the lac operon system in E. coli for lactose catabolism. It explains that when glucose is absent and lactose is present, allolactose acts as an inducer by binding to the lac repressor and allowing RNA polymerase to transcribe the lac genes encoding β-galactosidase and other proteins for lactose metabolism. However, when glucose is present, even if lactose is also present, transcription is repressed due to low cAMP levels inhibiting the CAP-cAMP complex from activating transcription.
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Prokaryotic DNA replication.pptx
Prokaryotic DNA replication begins at the origin of replication site where the replication fork is formed. DnaA and other proteins recognize the origin site and unwind the DNA double helix. RNA primers are synthesized which allows DNA polymerase III to begin bidirectional DNA synthesis of the leading and lagging strands. Okazaki fragments are formed and ligated on the lagging strand. Replication terminates when the replication forks meet at the termination site and the daughter chromosomes are separated.
DNA repair mechanism and their types.pptx
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TOPIC NAME Structure of DNA and their Type.pptx
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LAC OPERON SYSTEM.pptx
The document describes the lac operon system, which was the first operon described in 1961 and controls the catabolism of lactose in prokaryotes. The lac operon has 5 structural units - a promoter, operator, three structural genes (LacZ, LacY, LacA) that encode enzymes for lactose breakdown, CAP binding sites, and a regulatory gene. When lactose is absent, a repressor protein binds to the operator, preventing transcription of the structural genes. When lactose is present, it binds to the repressor and causes a conformational change that releases it from the operator, allowing transcription and the breakdown of lactose.
LAC OPERON 2.pptx
The lac operon is a cluster of three genes in prokaryotes that are involved in processing the sugar lactose. It consists of a promoter, operator, and structural genes. The lac operon is inducible, meaning it is only transcribed when lactose is present. Depending on whether lactose and glucose are present or absent, the lac operon will be either actively transcribed or transcriptionally inactive.
DNA STRUCTURE AND TYPES.pptx
DNA is a double-stranded molecule composed of nucleotides that contain nitrogenous bases, a deoxyribose sugar, and a phosphate group. The bases--cytosine, thymine, adenine, and guanine--form rungs of a twisted ladder structure, while the alternating sugar and phosphate molecules form the sides. Watson and Crick discovered that the bases pair up specifically through hydrogen bonds to form the DNA double helix, which contains the genetic information needed to build an organism. DNA can take on different secondary structures including A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA forms.
TOPIC-DNA repair mechanism and their types.pptx
DNA repair mechanisms are necessary to correct damage to DNA that could otherwise lead to mutations and cancer. There are several types of DNA repair mechanisms that address different types of damage, including base repair through excision, resynthesis and ligation of bases, nucleotide excision repair to address mismatches, and mismatch repair to fix errors. Double stranded breaks can be repaired through non-homologous end joining or homologous recombination repair.
Structure of DNA & Their Types.pptx
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STRUCTURE OF DNA AND THEIR TYPES.pptx
DNA is a double-stranded molecule that is twisted into a helix shape and found in chromosomes, mitochondria, where it carries genetic information. Each DNA nucleotide is composed of a sugar, nitrogen base, and phosphate group. The structure of DNA was elucidated by James Watson and Francis Crick and provides the basic unit of heredity.
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RNA Polymerase.pptx
RNA polymerase is an enzyme that copies DNA sequences into RNA sequences during transcription. There are differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic RNA polymerase. Prokaryotic RNA polymerase consists of four subunits and a sigma factor and only one type exists, while eukaryotic RNA polymerase has five types with 10-12 subunits each. The types of RNA polymerase are RNA polymerase 1 which synthesizes rRNA in the nucleolus, RNA polymerase 2 which synthesizes pre-mRNAs and mRNAs, and RNA polymerase 3 which synthesizes tRNAs and rRNAs in the nucleus. RNA polymerase 4 and 5 are found in plant chloroplasts and mitochondria.
Splicing and m-RNA formation.pptx
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LAC OPERON.pptx
The lac operon controls the transport and metabolism of lactose in E. coli. It contains three genes - lacZ, lacY, and lacA - that encode enzymes for breaking down lactose. When lactose is absent, the lac repressor binds to the operator region and prevents transcription of the genes. However, when lactose is present, it binds to the lac repressor and causes a conformational change that releases it from the operator, allowing transcription and expression of the lac genes. The lac operon was the first to be discovered and helped establish the operon model of gene regulation.
Different Types and Structure.pptx
DNA is a double-stranded molecule composed of repeating nucleotides that form a helical structure and contains the genetic information of organisms. Nucleotides consist of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group. The two strands of the DNA double helix are held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary purine bases adenine (A) and guanine (G) and pyrimidine bases thymine (T) and cytosine (C). Different DNA structures include A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA which vary in their helical sense, base pair orientation, and groove size.
DNA Polymerase And RNA Polymerase .pptx
DNA polymerase is the enzyme required for DNA replication and copies DNA in the 5' to 3' direction, while RNA polymerase is required for transcription and contains subunits that allow it to copy DNA into RNA. Both polymerases have a structure resembling an open right hand with sub-domains for catalysis, nucleotide recognition, and binding the DNA or RNA substrate. The main differences between them are that DNA polymerase requires the separation of DNA strands before copying, while RNA polymerase can copy double-stranded DNA directly.
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Lac Operon System(Catabolite Repression).pptx
The document describes the lac operon system in E. coli for lactose catabolism. It explains that when glucose is absent and lactose is present, allolactose acts as an inducer by binding to the lac repressor and allowing RNA polymerase to transcribe the lac genes encoding β-galactosidase and other proteins for lactose metabolism. However, when glucose is present, even if lactose is also present, transcription is repressed due to low cAMP levels inhibiting the CAP-cAMP complex from activating transcription.
DNA POLYMERASE.pptx
There are five different DNA dependent DNA polymerases in E. coli bacteria: DNA polymerase I, II, III, IV and V. DNA polymerase III is the primary enzyme involved in DNA replication, forming a high-speed, high-fidelity multiprotein complex. DNA polymerases IV and V are Y-family polymerases that replicate damaged DNA with lower fidelity than polymerase III. DNA polymerases I and II serve backup roles in DNA repair through their exonuclease activities when the template is damaged.
DNA POLYMERASE AND RNA POLYMERASE.pptx
DNA polymerase is an enzyme that reads existing DNA strands as templates and creates two new strands through phosphodiester bond formation. It was first discovered in E. coli by Arthur Kornberg. DNA polymerase has a structure resembling an open right hand with palm, finger, and thumb domains that each perform different functions in nucleotide recognition and binding. RNA polymerase is a multi-subunit enzyme responsible for copying DNA sequences into RNA during transcription from 5' to 3'. It contains alpha, beta, and sigma subunits that play various roles in binding to promoter regions and catalytic activity.
PROKARYOTIC DNA REPLICATION .pptx
Prokaryotic DNA replication begins at the origin of replication and proceeds bidirectionally. It involves three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation begins at the origin of replication site, where proteins bind and unwind the DNA. Elongation then uses DNA polymerase III to simultaneously synthesize the leading and lagging strands. Termination occurs when the replication forks from opposite directions meet at the termination site and halt, resolving issues through proteins like TUS and topoisomerases.
Prokaryotic DNA replication.pptx
Prokaryotic DNA replication begins at the origin of replication site where the replication fork is formed. DnaA and other proteins recognize the origin site and unwind the DNA double helix. RNA primers are synthesized which allows DNA polymerase III to begin bidirectional DNA synthesis of the leading and lagging strands. Okazaki fragments are formed and ligated on the lagging strand. Replication terminates when the replication forks meet at the termination site and the daughter chromosomes are separated.
DNA repair mechanism and their types.pptx
DNA repair is a collection of processes cells use to identify and correct damage to DNA. There are several types of DNA repair mechanisms, including direct repair, base excision repair, mismatch repair, recombination repair, and SOS repair. DNA repair has advantages of maintaining genetic integrity between generations and preserving individual health, but defects can lead to increased cancer risks and premature aging syndromes.
TOPIC NAME Structure of DNA and their Type.pptx
DNA has a double helix structure that resembles a twisted ladder. It is composed of nucleotides, each containing a sugar, phosphate group, and one of four nitrogen bases (A, T, C, or G). The bases on opposite strands bond together via hydrogen bonds between A-T and C-G to form the structure. Erwin Chargaff discovered that the amounts of A and T are equal, as are the amounts of C and G in any DNA sample. There are three types of DNA structures: A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA.
LAC OPERON SYSTEM.pptx
The document describes the lac operon system, which was the first operon described in 1961 and controls the catabolism of lactose in prokaryotes. The lac operon has 5 structural units - a promoter, operator, three structural genes (LacZ, LacY, LacA) that encode enzymes for lactose breakdown, CAP binding sites, and a regulatory gene. When lactose is absent, a repressor protein binds to the operator, preventing transcription of the structural genes. When lactose is present, it binds to the repressor and causes a conformational change that releases it from the operator, allowing transcription and the breakdown of lactose.
LAC OPERON 2.pptx
The lac operon is a cluster of three genes in prokaryotes that are involved in processing the sugar lactose. It consists of a promoter, operator, and structural genes. The lac operon is inducible, meaning it is only transcribed when lactose is present. Depending on whether lactose and glucose are present or absent, the lac operon will be either actively transcribed or transcriptionally inactive.
DNA STRUCTURE AND TYPES.pptx
DNA is a double-stranded molecule composed of nucleotides that contain nitrogenous bases, a deoxyribose sugar, and a phosphate group. The bases--cytosine, thymine, adenine, and guanine--form rungs of a twisted ladder structure, while the alternating sugar and phosphate molecules form the sides. Watson and Crick discovered that the bases pair up specifically through hydrogen bonds to form the DNA double helix, which contains the genetic information needed to build an organism. DNA can take on different secondary structures including A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA forms.
TOPIC-DNA repair mechanism and their types.pptx
DNA repair mechanisms are necessary to correct damage to DNA that could otherwise lead to mutations and cancer. There are several types of DNA repair mechanisms that address different types of damage, including base repair through excision, resynthesis and ligation of bases, nucleotide excision repair to address mismatches, and mismatch repair to fix errors. Double stranded breaks can be repaired through non-homologous end joining or homologous recombination repair.
Structure of DNA & Their Types.pptx
This document discusses the structure and types of DNA. It begins by introducing DNA and its components. DNA is made up of deoxyribonucleotides and carries genetic information found in chromosomes, chloroplasts, mitochondria and nuclei. The structure of DNA is a double helix formed from nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate group and one of four nitrogenous bases. There are three main types of DNA structures: A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA. B-DNA is the most common form found in cells under normal physiological conditions. It is a right-handed double helix with 10.5 base pairs per turn and a diameter of 20 angstroms. A-DNA and Z-DNA are less common structures
STRUCTURE OF DNA AND THEIR TYPES.pptx
DNA is a double-stranded molecule that is twisted into a helix shape and found in chromosomes, mitochondria, where it carries genetic information. Each DNA nucleotide is composed of a sugar, nitrogen base, and phosphate group. The structure of DNA was elucidated by James Watson and Francis Crick and provides the basic unit of heredity.
DNA DAMAGE AND MUTATION.pptx
DNA damage can occur endogenously through normal cellular processes like respiration or replication errors, or exogenously through environmental factors like radiation, chemicals, and alkylating agents used in chemotherapy. Common types of DNA damage include depurination, deamination of cytosine and adenine, alkylation of bases, insertion/deletions of nucleotides, base analog incorporation, cross-linkages induced by bifunctional alkylating agents and UV light, and oxidative free radical formation. This damage can lead to mutations in the DNA sequence, including point mutations like missense, nonsense, and silent mutations, or frameshift mutations involving insertions, deletions, or inversions.
RNA Polymerase.pptx
RNA polymerase is an enzyme that copies DNA sequences into RNA sequences during transcription. There are differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic RNA polymerase. Prokaryotic RNA polymerase consists of four subunits and a sigma factor and only one type exists, while eukaryotic RNA polymerase has five types with 10-12 subunits each. The types of RNA polymerase are RNA polymerase 1 which synthesizes rRNA in the nucleolus, RNA polymerase 2 which synthesizes pre-mRNAs and mRNAs, and RNA polymerase 3 which synthesizes tRNAs and rRNAs in the nucleus. RNA polymerase 4 and 5 are found in plant chloroplasts and mitochondria.
Splicing and m-RNA formation.pptx
This document summarizes RNA splicing and mRNA formation. It discusses how introns are removed from pre-mRNA and exons are joined in a process called RNA splicing that occurs in the nucleus after transcription. It describes different splicing pathways and explains that most genes contain introns and exons, with introns being removed by splicing and exons being joined to form mRNA that can then be transported to the cytoplasm and translated into protein. Alternative splicing is discussed as a mechanism for generating multiple protein isoforms from a single gene. Examples are given of how mutations can affect splicing and cause diseases.
LAC OPERON.pptx
The lac operon controls the transport and metabolism of lactose in E. coli. It contains three genes - lacZ, lacY, and lacA - that encode enzymes for breaking down lactose. When lactose is absent, the lac repressor binds to the operator region and prevents transcription of the genes. However, when lactose is present, it binds to the lac repressor and causes a conformational change that releases it from the operator, allowing transcription and expression of the lac genes. The lac operon was the first to be discovered and helped establish the operon model of gene regulation.
Different Types and Structure.pptx
DNA is a double-stranded molecule composed of repeating nucleotides that form a helical structure and contains the genetic information of organisms. Nucleotides consist of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group. The two strands of the DNA double helix are held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary purine bases adenine (A) and guanine (G) and pyrimidine bases thymine (T) and cytosine (C). Different DNA structures include A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA which vary in their helical sense, base pair orientation, and groove size.
DNA Polymerase And RNA Polymerase .pptx
DNA polymerase is the enzyme required for DNA replication and copies DNA in the 5' to 3' direction, while RNA polymerase is required for transcription and contains subunits that allow it to copy DNA into RNA. Both polymerases have a structure resembling an open right hand with sub-domains for catalysis, nucleotide recognition, and binding the DNA or RNA substrate. The main differences between them are that DNA polymerase requires the separation of DNA strands before copying, while RNA polymerase can copy double-stranded DNA directly.
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বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdf
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
The History of Stoke Newington Street Names
Presented at the Stoke Newington Literary Festival on 9th June 2024
www.StokeNewingtonHistory.com
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...National Information Standards Organization (NISO)
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.Recently uploaded (20)
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South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
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Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...
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How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
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BLOOD GROUPING AND BLOOD TYPING .pptx
- 1. Topic-Blood group and blood typing
- 2. INTRODUCTION- The term human blood group systems is defined by international society of blood transfusion as systems in the human species where cell surface antigens-in particular ,those on blood cells – are controlled at a single gene locus by two or more very closed linked homologous genes with little or no observable recombination between them,and include the common ABO & Rh antigen systems,as well as many others 38 major human blood group system till known.
- 4. .
- 10. THANK YOU