A Review Paper On Communication Protocols For Wireless Sensor Networks

© January 2020 | IJIRT | Volume 6 Issue 8 | ISSN: 2349-6002
IJIRT 148933 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY 72
A Review Paper on Communication Protocols for
Wireless Sensor Networks
Tilak Kumar Saxena1
, Komal Kanojia2
1
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, RKDF Institute of Science & Technology,
Bhopal, India
2
Professor, Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, RKDF Institute of Science
&Technology, Bhopal, India
Abstract- Wide usage of wireless sensor network (WSN)
is the reason for development of many routing
protocols. Recent advances in WSN observe the
increased interest in the potential use in applications
like Military, Environmental, Health, Vehicular,
Mechanical stress levels on attached objects, disaster
management etc. Recent developments in the field of
micro-sensor devices have accelerated progress in the
field of sensor networks, leading to many new protocols
specifically designed for wireless sensor networks
(WSNs). Wireless sensor networks with hundreds to
thousands of sensor nodes can collect information from
an unattended location and transmit the collected data
to a specific user, depending on the application. These
sensor nodes have some limitations due to their limited
energy, storage capacity and computing power. Data is
routed from one node to another using different routing
protocol. There are a number of routing protocols
available for wireless sensor networks. We discuss the
architecture in this review article.
Index terms- Algorithms in WSN, Energy Efficiency,
Hierarchical, Performance, Remote deployment,
Routing Protocol, Wireless Sensor Network
I.INTRODUCTION
A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of
hundreds to thousands of low-power multi-functional
sensor nodes, operating in an unattended
environment, and having sensing, computation and
communication capabilities. The basic components
[1] of a node are a sensor unit, an ADC (Analog to
Digital Converter), a CPU (Central processing unit),
a power unit and a communication unit. Sensor nodes
are micro-electro-mechanical systems [2] (MEMS)
that produce a measurable response to a change in
some physical condition like temperature and
pressure. Sensor nodes sense or measure physical
data of the area to be monitored. The continual
analog signal sensed by the sensors is digitized by an
analog-to-digital converter and sent to controllers for
further processing. Sensor nodes are of very small
size, consume extremely low energy, are operated in
high volumetric densities, and can be autonomous
and adaptive to the environment. The spatial density
of sensor nodes in the field may be as high as 20
nodes/m3 .As wireless sensor nodes are typically
very small electronic devices, they can only be
equipped with a limited power source [3]. Each
sensor node has a certain area of coverage for which
it can reliably and accurately report the particular
quantity that it is observing. Several sources of power
consumption in sensors are:
a. Signal sampling and conversion of physical
signals to electrical ones;
b. Signal conditioning, and
c. Analog-to-digital conversion.
There are three categories of sensor nodes:
1. Passive, Omni Directional Sensors: passive
sensor nodes sense the environment without
manipulating it by active probing. In this case,
the energy is needed only to amplify their analog
signals. There is no notion of ―direction‖ in
measuring the environment.
2. Passive, narrow-beam sensors: these sensors are
passive and they are concerned about the
direction when sensing the environment.
3. Active Sensors: these sensors actively probe the
environment.
1.1 Classification of Routing Protocols in WSN
Routing protocols are expand the lifetime of the
system in remote sensor systems (WSNs). For

various applications dependent on their prerequisite
utilizing the numerous directing methods for instance
time basic or requiring occasional updates, exact
information or enduring, less exact system consistent
progression of information or occasion driven yield.
Is likewise utilized for the upgrade of another
particular application (e.g; wellbeing, military, home)
[8].
The WSN directing conventions are subdivided into
three classifications viz; various leveled, level, and
area based steering conventions.
1.1.1 Hierarchical Based Routing
It is additionally kenned as cluster-predicated routing
and it is fundamentally used into advance efficient
communication, scalability, energy proficiency of the
network. In this type of routing, processing of data is
carried out by maximum energy nodes and sensing of
the data in the deployed environment is carried out by
minimum energy nodes. Energy efficiency, stability
and cluster-head concept. The paramount of this type
of routing involved in the truncation of energy
utilization and it truncates the packets that are
distributed to the base station which betokens that
utilizing data aggregation and fusion techniques
Some hierarchical routings are given below:
1. Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy
(LEACH)
2. Minimum energy communication network
(MECN).
3. Power efficient gathering in sensor information
systems (PEGASIS).
4. Self-Organizing Protocol (SOP)
5. Threshold Sensitive Energy Efficient Protocols:
TEEN and APTEEN
1.1.2 Flat Based Routing
The flat routing deals with all the nodes that have the
same capabilities and work together to feel the
details. Since there are more nodes, there is no way to
assign an identifier to the nodes. As a part of this
data-centric routing method, the base station is
responsible for sending the queries to the excavated
section and waiting for the sensor nodes. Answer
from the position of the field. Two protocols further
classified on the substructure of data based routing
include SPIN (Sensor Protocol Information through
Negotiation), DD (Direct Diffusion) which removes
the repeated data and preserves its energy via data as
well as its preserve energy through data negotiation.
Further flat based routing is categorized in following
types:
1. Sensor Protocol Information via Negotiation
(SPIN)
2. Directed diffusion (DD)
3. Rumor routing (RR)
4. Gradient based routing (GBR)
5. Constrained and isotropic diffusion routing
(CADR)
6. Energy aware routing (EAR)
7. Minimum cost forwarding algorithm (MCFA)
8. Active query forwarding in sensor network
(ACQUIRE)
9. Sequential Assignment routing (SAR)
1.1.3 Location based routing
This type of node protocol is classified as low power
GPS (Ecumenical Situating System) on each node.
So the nodes are expressed by their position. Ergo,
not all nodes have an authoritative mandate to
collaborate, some may go to sleep preserving energy
while others feel events. The gap between the nodes
can be determined by the frequency of the signal
transmitted from the nodes.
This type of protocol is divide into following
categories viz;
1. Sequential assignment routing (SAR).
2. Ad-hoc positioning system (APS).
3. Geographic adaptive fidelity (GAF).
4. Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR)
5. Graph Embedding for Routing (GEM)
6. Location Aided Routing (LAR)
7. Geographic distance routing (GEDIR).
8. Geographic and energy aware routing (GEAR).
1.2 Factors affecting designing of routing protocols
The routing protocols are affected by several factors
which are given below:
 Node Deployment
 Node/Link heterogeneity
 Data-Reporting model
 Scalability of Network
 Fault Tolerance
 Connectivity among nodes

 Quality of Service of data
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
K. Lakshmisudha et al. [12] Wireless sensor
networks stated progressively need to study in real-
time applications to satisfy today's energy demand.
Consuming its limited storage space, energy
consumption is one of the most demanding facets of
the Sensor Network. The goal is to develop different
methods and protocols for research to uncover
efficient consumption of energy in WSN. Several
scientists in this region did a significant work, but in
some layers or few procedures, all the previous
studies have reached maturity.
Waqas Rehan et al. [13] Reported Critical Analysis
of Surveys Emphasizing Routing in Wireless Sensor
Networks — An Anatomization under the General
Survey Technology Process.
Jalal Al-Muhtadi et al. [14] Reported Mobile control
has been a long-standing concern in mobile wireless
sensor networks and especially in the sense of cyber
physical systems; its ramifications are enormous. It is
the wringer of current approaches to mobility
management by assessing them against a set of
criteria that are substantially inherent in the
characteristics of such systems, which are expected to
deliver the winning performance of such approaches.
F. Ishmanov et al. [15] Previously reported routing is
one of the most critical operations of wireless sensor
networks (WSNs) as it applies to data transmission to
wiring stations. Routing attacks will cripple hands
and dethrone the activity of WSNs dramatically.
Current security mechanisms, such as encryption and
empty label, can not cope with some of the routing
assaults, as they mostly come from compromised
nodes. Recently, a trust system has been put in place
to improve protection and modernize communication
between nodes. In routing, the trust mechanism
avoids / includes nodes in routing operations based
on the value of non-scientific trust. Most trust-based
routing protocols are introduced to protect routing,
which they find to be a variation of routing assaults.
Kavita Devi et al. [16] reported that the methods,
finding and applications of the distinctive routing
protocols are designed where energy sensation is
considered as essential diamond issue. The main
objective of routing is to enhance the lifetime of the
network by selecting towardly route. The routing
protocols are classified into variegated categories
which are location based routing protocols,
hierarchical network routing and unappetizing based
routing protocols, Zone based routing protocols are
GAF, GEAR and SPAN. Hierarchical routing
protocols are LEACH, PEGASIS, TEEN and
APTEEN. Unappetizing routing protocols are SPIN,
Directed Diffusion and Rumor Routing. All these
protocols have varied application and operations of
various kinds to improve network life. Sensor nodes
consist of limited capacity storage, transmission
range and limited energy resources in the wireless
sensor network. The sensor nodes are also able to
process limited data value. Therefore, we need
certain conventions for this specimen which can help
to reduce node energy consumption. All routing
protocols are performing variegated operations in
order to minimize the energy consumption of the
network. Variegated approaches are used to enhance
the lifetime of the network. Some protocols use
hierarchical conventions, some use unappetizing
routing conventions, and some use zone-based
routing conventions. Each of these conventions
serves the life of the system in its own specific way.
Routing protocols are used in all types of wireless
sensor networks to improve the life of the network.
Routing protocols are primarily used in time-driven,
event-driven and query-driven systems.
Ahmed Al‐Baz et al. [17] Previously reported that the
clump is an effective strategy that can be used for the
entire system period of time, measurability and
strength in WSNs. The Low Energy Adaptive Clump
Hierarchy Protocol may be a terribly effective
protocol that improves the duration of the network. A
clustering-based protocol manages energy use by
providing the same chance to any or all nodes to
become cluster heads. This paper provided for a
replacement version of the LEACH protocol known
as Node Ranked–LEACH (NR‐LEACH) that was
enhanced to boost the entire network period of time
supported by the Node Ranking (NR) algorithmic
program. Node rank algorithmic system depends on
the value of the direction between nodes and the
number of ties between nodes to choose the cluster
header. This upgrade illustrates the $64,000 weight of
a particular node to progress and can be represented
as a cluster header. The expected algorithmic
software overcomes a random method option that
results in unexpected failure for a few cluster heads

in various LEACH versions and produces good
performance over time and energy consumption over
the network. Our proposed protocol should increase
the time, latency, and therefore the severity of the
packet distribution relationship of each system and
the each packet delay and the power consumption of
the sensors.
R.A.Wagan et al. [18] It was claimed that the
efficiency and performance of the HWSN routing
protocol was addressed in conjunction with its
threshold-based routing scheme. This approach
involves the selection of cluster heads based on
different thresholds to achieve optimum performance.
The threshold weight is influenced by a variety of
factors, such as distance, residual energy and speed.
Decreased energy consumption in data
communication and overhead, community discovery
and cluster elections are being created. Connectivity
to the network is achieved by establishing contact
with cluster heads to collect cluster data. Optimal
parameters have been used for cluster creation. It
work shall provide for a general overview of the
Available threshold-based clustering schemes for
heterogeneous wireless network routing algorithms.
Various scholars have researched various issues and
problems in order to achieve effective
communication by developing complex routing
protocols for HWSNs. The design of the routing
protocol depends heavily on various threshold
clustering schemes to reduce energy consumption
and increase network life. Various threshold-based
approaches of sophistication, reliability and effective
communication are suggested. The operating
concepts, advantages and disadvantages of each
routing protocol are also illustrated. The various
characteristics and characteristics of the routing
protocols are compact.
Figure 1: Common clustered wireless sensor network topology
M. Elshrkawey et al. [19] earlier, it has been
announced that a professional way to deal with the
enhancement of steering systems has been discussed
in the WSN LEACH conference. Two plot
approaches have been suggested. The main technique
is to choose the correct bundle head hub for each
group in each round. It's finished by altering the
political decision boundary of the bunch head. The
following technique focused on keeping away from
the operation of certain sensor hubs, which send a
larger number of information packets than the
different hubs in the entire system. We address this

issue by rescheduling the TDMA schedule for each
sensor hub by its group head to change all hubs in
order to send basically the same amount of
information. Despite the two fuel schemes systems of
the two proposed techniques will improve the vitality
utilization of the remote sensor hubs. Along these
lines, the lifetime of the remote system has broadened
contrasted and LEACH convention. The use of the
proposed approach has been confirmed by the re-
enactment of MATLAB 2015. Through the
execution, the expert approach presented contrasted
with LEACH and various improvements prior to the
convention in terms of system life, number of group
heads, vitality utilization and number of parcels
moved to BS, which yields preferred results over
others. Throughout future work, we must attempt to
extend the existing method of dealing with
heterogeneous structures. The research work focuses
on the problem of vitality depletion and how to
reduce it.
K.W. Xin et al. [20] reported that Energy and Delay
Efficient Routing Protocol (EDERP) for Threshold
based Cluster Head Selection in Heterogeneous
WSN.
S.M.M.H. Yousefi et al. [21] earlier reported that A
Vector-Based Routing Protocol in Underwater
Wireless Sensor Networks.
D. Naga Ravikiran et al. [22] Reportedly, the
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) brings a new
paradigm of real-time embedded systems with
limited computing, communication, memory, and
energy resources that are being used for a wide range
of applications. WSN clustering is an optimal way to
minimize the energy consumption of sensor nodes.
This paper contrasts the change of different
parameters for three specific routing algorithms.
First, the Low Energy Adaptive Cluster Hierarchy
(LEACH) is a famous clustering mechanism that
chooses a CH based on the probability model. Work
then describes the Fuzzy logic system that initiated
the LEACH CH selection algorithm. The Artificial
Bee Colony (ABC), which is an optimization system,
owes its origin to the discovery actions of honey
bees. ABC optimization algorithm is recommended
for the collection of fuzzy laws. The effects of the
three routing algorithms are then contrasted with
different parameters.
The S.S. et al. [23] reported evolving IoT
applications require a wireless sensor network to be
energy efficient. For order to build a more energy-
efficient wireless sensor network, other difficult
problems such as routing, translation and sensor
fusion need to be addressed properly. An attempt to
evaluate the comparative efficiency of the different
WSN leading routing protocols. Although many
routing protocols are present in the flat routing
literature, SPIN is chosen as the leading protocol
under the flat routing protocol. Similarly, LEACH,
LEACH-C and PEGASIS is considered under
hierarchical routing protocol. Simulations have been
carried out by using the NS-2 simulator. The
Performance metrics like energy utilization, delay,
and throughput and network lifetime are some of
them which has been explored.
L. K. Ketshabetswe et al. [24] earlier reported that
communication protocols in wireless sensor networks
with the intention to provide a background and
insight into current trends in WSNs. Critical factors
to be considered during the design of wireless sensor
networks and routing protocols have been
exhaustively investigated. The sensor nodes energy
challenge in these networks has been identified and is
the area of focus that this study intends to address.
Existing routing protocols for wireless sensor
networks have been reviewed and classified into
homogeneous and heterogeneous networks, which
are further divided into static homogeneous and
mobile homogeneous networks as well as static
heterogeneous and mobile heterogeneous networks.
Categories of routing protocols that fall under
homogeneous networks are location-based, data-
centric, network flow and QoS aware and
hierarchical routing protocols. Static homogeneous
networks are further categorized into cross-layer,
nature-inspired, cooperative and opportunistic routing
protocols, while mobile homogeneous are classified
into one mobile sink, mobile sink and source, and
multiple mobile sinks. Static heterogeneous
networks, on the other hand, are categorized into
energy heterogeneity and cost, detection and
propagation range heterogeneity, while
heterogeneous mobile networks are classified into
energy heterogeneity, energy, propagation range, and
data rate heterogeneity. Mathematical models for the
energy, sensing and network environment are
presented and analyzed to provide a thorough
background knowledge of the wireless sensor
network. Analytical comparisons for routing

protocols are provided and eleven chosen routing
protocols are simulated in the RMASE Prowler
simulation environment.
III. CONCLUSIONS
Table 3.1 Comparison of hierarchical routing protocols of WSN
Protocols
Cluster
Method
Node
Mobility
Energy
Dissipation
CH selection Topology
CH
distribution
LEACH Distributed Fixed BS Unbalanced Random Single-hop Poor
IBLEACH Distributed Fixed BS Balanced Random Multi-hop Good
CCM Distributed Fixed BS Balanced On basis of residual energy Multi-hop Good
DAIC Distributed Fixed BS Balanced On basis of alive nodes Multi-hop Good
ECLEACH Centralized Fixed BS Balanced
On basis of residual energy and
MDBECHAN
Single-hop Good
GSTEB Centralized Stationary Balanced On basis of Residual energy Multi-hop Good
EEHC Distributed Stationary Balanced On basis of computed Optimal probability Multi-hop Good
MOECS Distributed Fixed BS Balanced Random Single-hop Good
TEEN Distributed Fixed BS Balanced Random Single-hop Good
APTEEN Distributed Fixed BS Balanced Random Single-hop Good
PEGASIS Distributed Fixed BS Balanced Random Multi-hop Good
ACO LEACH Distributed Fixed BS Balanced On basis of Residual energy Multi-hop Good
LEACH-GA Distributed Fixed BS Balanced On basis of distance from BS Single-hop Good
Two layer LEACH Distributed Fixed BS Balanced On basis of Distance from BS Multi-hop Good
Table 3.2 Comparison of routing protocols based on
location awareness and network distribution
So we have suggested that we have to specify the
specifics of TEEN Protocol. Because we know the
TEEN protocol uses the original and residual energy
levels of the node to pick the Cluster Node. The
TEEN procedure is specific to the time sensitive
usage. The transfer of data is not constant, but the
data is correctly sensed to the media.In order to
improve the range of CH and the inclusion of the
relay node in the network, the data sent to the Base
Station (BS) is more likely to increase the
reliabilityof the network.
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