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Mass media & politics week 6
1. WEEK SIX: MEDIA AND
ELECTIONS
POL 367 – Mass Media and Politics
2. Consequences of Media-Dominated
Politics
Media as Kingmakers
Introduction of television has dramatically increased media’s influence,
especially during primary elections where other cues less useful:
Coverage highly tied to polling
Expectations Game
Frontrunners get unfavorable coverage, trailing get favorable coverage
Television Age Recruits
Candidates have to learn to manage press and image
Cost of media consults & television advertisements major fact in dramatic
rise of spending in campaigns.
3. Example: 2016 Republican Primary
In the lead up to the
first primaries in Iowa
and New Hampshire,
Trump was
overwhelmingly the
most covered
candidate in the
Republican field from
the start despite initially
being near bottom of
polls. Source: https://shorensteincenter.org/pre-primary-news-
coverage-2016-trump-clinton-sanders/
4. Example: 2016 Republican Primary
Furthermore, the
coverage was
generally positive,
focused mostly on
horse-race coverage
over issues.
Issues and personal
quality stories often
included pro-Trump
statements by
supporters, further
reducing negative
coverage Source: https://shorensteincenter.org/pre-primary-news-
coverage-2016-trump-clinton-sanders/
5. Example: 2016 Republican Primary
In comparison, initial
front runners like Jeb
Bush were tied to a
“losing ground”
narrative throughout
the primary: 70%
negative coverage by
December 2016.
Video: “Please Clap”
6. Media Campaigning Strategies: Managing
Press
Iyengar:
Avoid behavior that calls question into suitability for office
Don’t waffle or “flip-flop” on the issues
Keep expectations of victory low
“Ride the Wave”
When leading, restrict journalist access
“Go local” to avoid critical coverage
Feed press titillating but critical info on opponent
Modern Strategy: Attack the Media?
7. Campaign Advertisements
Outside of news coverage, one of the main methods by which
politicians communicate messages to potential voters.
Advertisement Strategies:
Target pivotal voters
Reinforcement over Persuasion
Focus on swing states over non-competitive states
Advertise during programs watched by those most likely to vote
“Ride the Wave”
Biographical ads early on to introduce candidate, issue ads later in
campaign
Focus on issues you “own” (Issue Ownership)
“Wedge appeals”
8. Advertisement Tone
Ads usually broken down into “positive” or “negative” in tone
Positive Ads Negative Ads
Talk about your candidate Talk about your opponent
Can include “negative” emotions Make opponent question support
Goal: Get side to turnout to vote Goal: Get other side to stay
home
11. Difference Between Ads
Both ads are meant to invoke fear of attack from outside threat
Difference is target of ad and who you should vote for after
watching
Reagan (1984): Reagan will protect you, vote for Reagan - Positive
Bush (2004): Kerry will not protect you, vote for Bush - Negative
13. Negative Ads: Good or Bad?
Voters routinely deride negative advertisements
Redlawsk: Negative advertisements are good things
People more accepting if perceive information as relevant and
accurate
Provide more information about candidates than just positive ads
14. Advertisements and Emotion
Brader (2005): emotional appeals used to influence voter behavior
Fear
Stimulates vigilance, reliance on contemporary evaluations
Facilitates persuasion
Enthusiasm
Motivates participation and activates existing loyalties
Valentino (2011)
Anger also motivates participation, often stronger than enthusiasm
Emotions like guilt, shame, etc. have less research behind them
16. Media Content During Elections
Presidential elections quickly become prominent news items.
Other campaigns get less attention.
Coverage of campaign is relatively same in amount, differences
in breadth and favorability ratings
Television: less in-depth, reliance on stereotypes developed early on
Newspaper: more in-depth coverage
17. Coverage of Candidates
Two Broad Categories of Coverage
Character (Valence)
Focus on personality, style, image
Professional (Issue)
Capacity, ability, ideology
Character covered more than professional. Foreign policy and
economy more likely to discuss professional
Coverage of candidates is usually negative and cynical
18. Political Biases
Outside of explicit partisan media sources, journalists usually
attempt to provide balanced coverage.
Remember Week 2 Coverage on Structural Biases
Newspapers do tend to have more favorable coverage of
endorsement candidates. Particularly influential below
presidential level.
Usually ignore third party candidates unless particularly
newsworthy.