Carlos I (1516 1556) English version

Carlos I (1516-1556)
The first Emperor of a broken Empire
Prof. Samuel Perrino Martínez. SEK Les Alpes. Social Sciences
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Carlos I
 The beginnings
- Rebellion in Castilla
- Rebellion in Aragon
 The Imperial Idea
- 3 key points
- The enemies of the Imperial Idea
- The results of the Imperial Idea
2

The offspring of Juana and Felipe “El
Hermoso”
 Juana la Loca had two sons: Carlos,
who will be raised by his father
(Germany and Netherlands) and
Fernando, who will be raised by his
mother (Spain)
 Fernando “The Catholic” died in 1516
– Carlos will inherit the Spanish
kingdoms
 He is just 16 years old
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4

Carlos
 Carlos had some problems with the
new kingdom…Carlos did not speak
Spanish and all his counselors came
from Germany or Belgium
 Also, he wanted to be the new
Emperor, so he will raise taxes
5

Situation in the Iberian Peninsula
 At that moment, there are three
different kingdoms with one King:
 Castilla: The richest and biggest
kingdom, with the rights over the
New World.
 Aragón: In economic crisis, and
threatened by France and the Turkish
 Navarra: Small kingdom, threatened
by France
6

Carlos I. New territories
 In 1519, Carlos inherited from his
grandfather important territories:
Netherlands, Belgium and the French
County
 He also receive the possibility of
being the Emperor of the Holy
Roman German Empire.
7

What is the Holy Roman Germanic Empire?
 The Emperor of the HRGE was
chosen by an election (in practice, it
was chosen by bribery)
 The Emperor was a prestigious title,
with some privileges, but he had no
real control over the territory
 Carlos wanted to be the new
Emperor, so he needed the money
from the Iberian Peninsula.
8

A new emperor
 Carlos was four years in Spain, he got the money
and he went back to Belgium
 He left Adriano de Ultretch and the Flemish
counselors in charge of the kingdom
 The people in Castilla is very angry because:
- The Emperor is outside Spain
- The counselors are not Spaniards
- High taxes to obtain the Crown of the HRGM.
---- Castilla and Aragon are going to rebel against
Carlos.
9

The Rebellion of the “Comuneros”
 Castilian rebellion in 1520: All social
groups were against Carlos I. They
demanded a change in his policies.
 They created an Army, and they will
demand:
- Suppression of the new taxes
- Carlos should live in Spain and learn
Spanish
- Freedom for Juana “La Loca” (they
wanted to make her the new Queen)
10

The Rebellion of the Comuneros
 The Monarchy will establish a strategy to defeat the
rebels --- Carlos will make an alliance with the
nobility in order to finish the rebellion (the peasants
and the bourgeoisie will be alone)
 Finally, the rebels will be defeated in 1521
11

Rebellion of Germanias
 At the same time (1520) there was a
rebellion in Aragon
 This was a different rebellion. It was a
rebellion of the peasants and the
bourgeoisie against the privileges of
the nobility
 At the beginning, Carlos accepted
the conditions of the rebels, but
when he “finished” with the other
rebellion, he will make an Alliance
with the nobility again, and the
peasants and bourgeoisie will be
defeated
12

Consequences of the rebellions
 Spain
- Stronger nobility
- Weaker bourgeoisie --- No trade development (trade will
be dependent of the Crown)
- CARLOS REIGN
- Carlos go back to Castilla in 1522, and he will be there the
following 7 years.
- He learn Spanish and he will chose Spanish counselors
- He marry a Portuguese princess (Spaniards like this
gesture)
- He become a loved King in Spain
13

Carlos I and the Imperial
Idea
14

Carlos I, and the Imperial Idea
 Carlos I will try to create an European Empire
 This idea has already appeared with:
-- Charlemagne (IX)
-- Federico II (XIII)
All of them have something in common:
- They tried to imitate the Roman Empire
- The projects were born in Germany (the heart of Europe)
15

The Imperial Idea
 The three key concepts of the Imperial Idea
 The enemies of the Imperial Idea
 The result of the Imperial Idea
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The key concepts of the Imperial Idea
 1st : He will be the Emperor, and he
will rule with a Council with advisors
from the different kingdoms.
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The three key concepts of the Imperial
Idea
 2nd: Existence of an Imperial
European Power, with different states
(each State with its own culture, law
and language)
 Each territory will have a viceroy (Esp:
Virrey) as a head of the State and a
Royal Council to make the laws
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The key concepts of the Imperial Idea
 3rd: The Catholic religion will be the
common element of these States
 ¿Do you find similarities with the
organization of the Spanish
territories?
19

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The enemies of the Imperial Idea
 Luther
 The Pope
 Turks
 France
21

 In 1517, a monk (Martin Luther) published the
95 thesis in the Wuttemberg Abbey:
-- He denounced the bad practices of the Catholic
Church
-- He demanded a new interpretation of the Bible:
- Theological changes(simpler ceremonies,
possibility of marriage for the priests, etc…)
- Less economic power for the Church (Church
should not sell the indulgences)
22

 He got an important support because
of:
- Bad moral status of the Church at
that time
- Printing (it was possible to spread the
ideas quickly)
- Many princes wanted to take the
Church possessions
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 In the Worms Diet, the Emperor tried to look
for a agreement between both sides, but they
were unable to reach this agreement
 Luther was excommunicated, but he will be
protected by a German Prince, and he will
spread his ideas in Europe)
 The Protestant Reformation was a big
challenge for the Imperial Idea --- it breaked
the third point
24

The reaction of the Catholic side
 Finally, the Catholic Church reacted with the
Council of Trento (1547-1563) In this
Council the Catholic Church reacted against
the Reformation:
- Some dogmas were modified
- Internal reformation in the Catholic Church,
with a better formation for the clergy
- New strategies to fight against
Protestantism (Creation of a Military Alliance
of Catholic kingdoms)
25

The enemies of the Imperial idea. Martin
Luther.
 The Catholic Alliance defeated Protestant princes
in the Battle of Muhlberg. They stopped the
expansion of Protestantism, but they were unable
to reconvert Protestant territories.
 In 1555, the Protestant princes won, and they
established a new agreement. In the Augsburg
Peace, they agreed on a new idea: each prince can
chose the religion he want
26

The enemies of the Imperial Idea. The
Pope.
 The Pope did not want any non-
religious Empire, although Carlos was
a Catholic King.
 He had not a very good relation with
Carlos, and he fought against him
 Carlos invaded Rome, and he made
him to change his opinion, so finally,
he was a “forced ally”
27

The enemies of the Imperial Idea. The
Turks
 The Turks controlled the
Mediterranean Empire, and they were
close to the German possessions
 They were able to threaten the
Spanish coast because they have
contacts with the Muslims
“converted” to Christianism
28

The enemies of the Imperial Idea. Turkish
 In 1529, the Spanish troops were able
to avoid the Turkish advance in
Vienna (key moment in the history of
Europe)
 The Turkish will remain very active in
the Mediterranean Sea (insecure Sea
because of the Turkish pirates)
29

The enemies of the Imperial Idea. France
 France was the most important
enemy of the Imperial Idea (7 wars
against the Imperial State)
 France tried to control:
 Italy
- Netherlands, Belgium and the French
County (French speaking country)
30

 Basically France lost six first wars against
Spain, but he had never respected the
agreements.
 The French king was captured in one battle.
He promised to finish the attacks against
Spain in order to be released, but he lied.
 Carlos even asked for a personal duel against
the French king
31

The enemies of the Imperial Idea. France
 Finally, after six defeats France won a
war in 1555 (Peace of Augsburg)
 Carlos was tired of fighting with
everyone, and he decided it is time to
the retirement.
32

The end of Carlos V
 The Peace of Augsburg was a personal defeat for
Carlos V because:
- The third point of his Imperial Idea was
completely broken
- He lost a war against France (after six victories)
- He understood it is impossible to fight
constantly against many enemies.
33

The end of Carlos V
 Carlos V was sick (gout), tired and
depressed, so he decided to abdicate
in favor of his son (Felipe) and retire
from the public life. He will live the
rest of his days in the Monastery of
Yuste.
34

The end of Carlos V
 He renounced to the Imperial Idea,
and he divided the kingdom in two
parts:
 Germany and Austria to his brother
Fernando (the sick part)
 Castilla, Aragon, Italy, Netherlands
and French County (plus American
territories) to his son Felipe.
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