A comprehensive presentation on the ladders of the research planning.

2. 小田 @ www.iloveppt.org
PPresentation onresentation on
Qualitative and QuantitativeQualitative and Quantitative
Research PlansResearch Plans

3. PPresenter:resenter:
Malik Muhammad Mehran
M.Phil Business Administration
Section “F”
NCBA&E Multan Campus

4. 1.11.1 MMeanings of research planeanings of research plan
o A conceptual structure.
o A blueprint.
o An outline of what the researcher will do.

5. 1.21.2 PPurpose of research planurpose of research plan
A research plan serves several important purposes:
o It forces you to think through every aspect of the study.
o It facilitates evaluation of the proposed study.
o It provides a guide for conducting the study.

6. 1.31.3 SStrategies in research plantrategies in research plan
o Plan should cover a period of time.
o Plan of action should be flexible.
o Bottom to top level of hierarchy should be involved in the
planning process. Senior scientists give more time in planning
due to their critical views and experience.

7. 1.31.3 SSignificance of Research Planignificance of Research Plan
1. Smooth & efficient sailing (sets boundaries & prevents
blind search).
2. Yields maximum information (avoids collection of
unnecessary data).
3. Costs least in terms of effort, time & money.
4. Maximizes reliability of results.

8. 5. Provides firm foundation to the endeavor.
6. Averts misleading conclusions & thoughtless futile exercise
7. Helps organizing ones ideas.
8. Gives chance to foresee flaws & inadequacies (anticipates
problems).
1.31.3 SSignificance of Research Planignificance of Research Plan

9. 9.Incorporates by learning from others critical comments &
evaluations.
10.Like a successful journey,
o Broadens your mind.
o Gives fascinating & exciting experience.
1.31.3 SSignificance of Research Planignificance of Research Plan

10. o Gives insight into world around you.
o Provides opportunity to meet people.
o Gives fun and reward, but at times, very tedious &
monotonous too.
1.31.3 SSignificance of Research Planignificance of Research Plan

11. 1. Selection of a problem.
2. Formulation of the selected problem.
3. Formulation of hypothesis.
4. Conceptualization.
5. Research plan or design.
1.41.4 RResearch planning processesearch planning process

12. 1. Identification of problem.
2. Prioritization of the identified problem.
3. Present status of the problem.
4. To set goals, objectives and target for the research.
1.51.5 RResearch planning methodologyesearch planning methodology
(Scientific)(Scientific)

13. 5. To formulate operational hypothesis for undertaking the
research.
6. To select research/experimental materials to workout the
hypothesis to achieve the goals/objectives/target.
7. To select method for testing the hypothesis.
1.51.5 RResearch planning methodologyesearch planning methodology
(Science)(Science)

14. 8. To put the materials and methods in operation.
9. To collect predetermined data from the materials in
accordance with hypothesis.
10. To compile and analysis the data and interpret.
1.51.5 RResearch planning methodologyesearch planning methodology
(Science)(Science)

15. 11. To draw the conclusion about the hypothesis with the
references to the objective(s).
12. Communication of the results to desired audience.
(Publications, Demonstrations, Workshops etc.)
1.51.5 RResearch planning methodologyesearch planning methodology
(Science)(Science)

16. • These are the basic components of an abstract in any
discipline:
• Motivation/problem statement: Why do we care about
the problem? What practical, scientific, theoretical or
artistic gap is your research filling?
1.61.6 CComponents of Research Planomponents of Research Plan
1.6.11.6.1 AbstractAbstract

17. • Results/findings/product: As a result of completing the
above procedure, what did you learn/invent/create?
• Conclusion/implications: What are the larger
implications of your findings, especially for the
problem/gap identified in step 1?
1.6.11.6.1 AbstractAbstract

18. A problem statement is a concise description of the issues
that need to be addressed by a problem solving team and
should be presented to them (or created by them) before
they try to solve the problem.
1.6.21.6.2 IIntroductionntroduction
A.A. SStatement of the problemtatement of the problem

19. A good problem statement should answer these questions:
•What is the problem? This should explain why the team is
needed.
•Who has the problem or who is the client/customer? This
should explain who needs the solution and who will decide
the problem has been solved.
A.A. SStatement of the problemtatement of the problem

20. What form can the resolution be? What is the scope and
limitations (in time, money, resources and technologies)
that can be used to solve the problem? Does the client want
a white paper? A web-tool? A new feature for a product?
A brainstorming on a topic?
A.A. SStatement of the problemtatement of the problem

21. What form can the resolution be? What is the scope and
limitations (in time, money, resources and technologies)
that can be used to solve the problem? Does the client want
a white paper? A web-tool? A new feature for a product?
A brainstorming on a topic?
B.B. LLiterature reviewiterature review

22. A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.
For a hypothesis to be a scientific hypothesis, the
scientific method requires that one can test it. A
working hypothesis is a provisionally accepted hypothesis
proposed for further research.
C.C. SStatement of Hypothesistatement of Hypothesis

23. In sample each element is studied as a subject.
1.6.31.6.3 MMehtodehtod
A.A. SSubjectsubjects
B.B. IInstrumentsnstruments
A testing device for measuring a given phenomenon, such a
s, questionnaire, an interview, a research tool, or a
set of guidelines for observation.

24. A research design is the "blue print" of the study. The
design of a study defines the study type, and sub-type
research question, hypotheses,
independent and dependent variables, experimental design,
and, if applicable, data collection methods and a statistical
analysis plan.
C.C. DDesignesign

25. • Descriptive (e.g., case-study, naturalistic observation,
Survey).
• Correlational (e.g., case-control study,
observational study).
• Semi-experimental (e.g., field experiment,
quasi-experiment).
C.C. DDesignesign

26. • Experimental (Experiment with random assignment).
• Review (Literature review, Systematic review)
• Meta-analytic (Meta-analysis).
C.C. DDesignesign

27. D.D. PProcedurerocedure

28. 1.6.41.6.4 DData Analysisata Analysis
Analysis of data is a process of inspecting, cleaning,
transforming, and modeling data with the goal of discovering
useful information, suggesting conclusions, and supporting
decision-making.

29. 1.6.41.6.4 DData Analysisata Analysis
Data analysis has multiple facets and approaches,
encompassing diverse techniques under a variety of names, in
different business, science, and social science domains.

30. A.A. DData requirementsata requirements
The data necessary as inputs to the analysis are specified
based upon the requirements of those directing the analysis or
customers who will use the finished product of the analysis.
The general type of entity upon which the data will be
collected is referred to as an experimental unit (e.g., a person

31. A.A. DData requirementsata requirements
or population of people). Specific variables regarding a
population (e.g., age and income) may be specified and
obtained. Data may be numerical or categorical (i.e., a text
label for numbers).

32. B.B. DData collectionata collection
Data is collected from a variety of sources. The requirements
may be communicated by analysts to custodians of the data,
such as information technology personnel within an
organization.

33. C.C. DData processingata processing
Data initially obtained must be processed or organized for
analysis. For instance, this may involve placing data into rows
and columns in a table format for further analysis, such as
within a spreadsheet or statistical software.

34. C.C. DData processingata processing

35. D.D. DData cleaningata cleaning
Once processed and organized, the data may be incomplete,
contain duplicates, or contain errors. The need for data
cleaning will arise from problems in the way that data is
entered and stored. Data cleaning is the process of preventing
and correcting these errors.

36. D.D. DData cleaningata cleaning
Common tasks include record matching, de-duplication, and
column segmentation..

37. E.E. EExploratory data analysisxploratory data analysis
Once the data is cleaned, it can be analyzed. Analysts may
apply a variety of techniques referred to as exploratory data
analysis to begin understanding the messages contained in
the data.

38. E.E. EExploratory data analysisxploratory data analysis
The process of exploration may result in additional data
cleaning or additional requests for data, so these activities
may be iterative in nature.

39. F.F. MModeling and algorithmsodeling and algorithms
Mathematical formulas or models called algorithms may be
applied to the data to identify relationships among the
variables, such as correlation or causation. In general terms,
models may be developed to evaluate a particular variable
in the data based on other variable(s) in the data,

40. F.F. MModeling and algorithmsodeling and algorithms
with some residual error depending on model accuracy (i.e.,
Data = Model + Error).

41. G.G. DData productata product
A data product is a computer application that takes data
inputs and generates outputs, feeding them back into the
environment. It may be based on a model or algorithm. An
example is an application that analyzes data about customer
purchasing history and recommends other purchases the
customer might enjoy.

42. H.H. CCommunicationommunication
When determining how to communicate the results, the
analyst may consider data visualization techniques to help
clearly and efficiently communicate the message to the
audience. Data visualization uses information displays such
as tables and charts to help communicate key messages
contained in the data.

43. 1.71.7 TTime Scheduleime Schedule
PHASE-I: Developing purpose andPHASE-I: Developing purpose and
strategystrategy
1. Form a research goal or research question.
2. Figure out WHERE to conduct the study.
3. Figure out How to conduct the study

44. PHASE-II:PHASE-II: OObtaining Clearancesbtaining Clearances
from faculty advisor and an ethicalfrom faculty advisor and an ethical
clearanceclearance
PHASE-III:PHASE-III: CConducting the studyonducting the study
PHASE-IV:PHASE-IV: MMaking sense of youraking sense of your
datadata
PHASE-V:PHASE-V: WWriting your researchriting your research
reportreport

45. PHASE-VI:PHASE-VI: IIf this is dissertation youf this is dissertation you
must defend itmust defend it

46. 1.81.8 QQualitative and Quantitativeualitative and Quantitative
plansplans

47. 1.81.8 QQualitative and Quantitative plansualitative and Quantitative plans

48. 1.81.8 QQualitative and Quantitative plansualitative and Quantitative plans

49. 1.91.9 EEvaluating a research planvaluating a research plan

50. Thank You !!