2. Glenohumeral joint – ball and socket type of synovial joint
Most mobile joint in the body, but compromised in its stability
Glenoid cavity: shallow; anteverted and inferiorly angulated from
the long axis of the scapula
3.
4. Labrum: fibrocartilage attached
to the edge of the glenoid.
Capsule and ligaments: fibrous
capsule, weak point in the inferior
part .
Rotator cuff: subscapularis,
supraspinatus, infraspinatus and
teres minor
Bursae: sub-deltoid and sub-
acromial
7. Factors responsible for shoulder dislocation:
The shallowness of the glenoid socket
Extraordinary range of movement
Underlying conditions like ligamentous laxity, glenoid dysplasia
Vulnerability of the joint during stressful activities of the upper limb
8. Shoulder dislocation
Anterior dislocation
1. Subcoracoid
2. Subglenoid
3. Infraclavicular
4. Intrathoracic
Posterior dislocation
1. Subacromial
2. Subglenoid
3. Subspinous
Inferior dislocation
Infraglenoid dislocation.
Also known as Luxatio
erecta
9. Represent 96% of shoulder
dislocation
Mechanism of injury
Indirect injury: fall on outstretched
hand with shoulder in Abduction, ER
and extension.
Direct injury: anteriorly directed
force to the posterior shoulder
10. Clinical presentation
Severe pain, inability to move the
upper limb
Limb will be held in abduction and
external rotation
On examination
Loss of normal contour of shoulder –
flattening / squaring of the shoulder
Prominent acromion process
Palpable globular mass anteriorly
DNVD - Regiment badge sign due to
axillary nerve injury
11. Special tests:
Vertical circumference of the axilla – increased
Hamilton ruler test
Dugas’ test-touch opp shoulder with arm on chest
12. Pathological lesions around glenohumeral joint
Bankart’s lesion – avulsion of the labrum off the glenoid rim +/- glenoid rim
fracture (Bony bankart lesion)
Hill – Sach’s lesion – posterolateral defect caused by glenoid impression on the
humeral head
Erosion of glenoid rim
Cause of recurrent dislocation
13.
14. Investigaions:
X-ray Anteroposterior and axillary
views - to confirm the diagnosis
CT scan – to diagnose bony lesions
MRI – to diagnose ligamentous laxity
and soft tissue injuries
Arthrography – to evaluate rotator
cuff tears
17. Treatment: Closed or open reduction
Closed reduction techniques: under general anesthesia
Hippocratic technique
Stimson gravity technique
Kocher’s maneuver / Traction countertraction technique
Milch technique
Scapular manipulation
Open reduction: Surgical reduction of dislocation
First time dislocation in young active men
Soft tissue interposition
Displaced (>5mm) greater tuberosity fracture and glenoid rim fracture >5mm in size
22. Post-reduction protocol:
Repeat X-ray to confirm the reduction
Immobilize the shoulder using Universal shoulder immobilizer for 3weeks
Physiotherapy after 3 weeks
Complications:
Early:
Fractures around the joint – Humeral head, GT, glenoid rim, acromion and coracoid
Soft tissue injuries – Rotator cuff tears, capsular tears
Neurovascular injuries – axillary artery and nerve, musculocutaneous nerve; usually occurs in
adults
Late:
Recurrent dislocation, unreduced dislocation
Shoulder stiffness due to post-traumatic arthitis
23. Represent 2% - 4% of shoulder dislocation
Mechanism of injury:
Direct or Indirect trauma
Electric shock or convulsive mechanisms
Clinical presentation:
Pain, restricted movements, arm held in internal rotation and adduction
On examination:
Palpable mass posterior to the shoulder
Prominent coracoid process
Flat shoulder contour, empty glenoid
DNVD – Axillary nerve
24. Investigations:
X-ray shoulder anteroposterior and axillary view
CT scan – to evaluate any associated fractures
Treatment: Closed or open reduction
Complications:
Early:
Fractures around the shoulder joint
Neurovascular injury
Late:
Unreduced or recurrent dislocation
Anterior dislocation – usually results due to
overtightening the posterior structures
Light bulb appearance
25. Complications:
Early:
Fractures around the shoulder joint
Neurovascular injury
Late:
Unreduced or recurrent dislocation
Anterior dislocation – usually results due to overtightening the posterior structures
26. Occurs rarely, usually in elderly individuals
Also known as Luxatio erecta
Mechanism of injury: Severe hyperabduction force
Clinical presentation
Severe pain
Upper limb held in hyperabduction
On examination
Humeral head is palpable on the lateral chest wall or the axilla
DNVD – injury to brachial plexus and axillary artery are common
27. Investigations:
X-ray AP view – diagnostic; look for associated fractures
around the shoulder joint
MRI – soft tissue injuries
Treatment: Closed or open reduction
Complications:
Rotator cuff avulsions and tear, pectoralis injury
Proximal humeral fractures
Neurovascular injury – axillary artery and brachial plexus;
usually recovers after the reduction
28. In case of any suggestions/Questions kindly
message/contact on
Mob: +919435031719
Email: drbipulborthakur@gmail.com
drbborthakur@rediffmail.com
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